*2.3. Interspecific Comparison*

The interspecific chloroplast genome divergence among all available *Utricularia* cpDNAs, using *U. amethystina* purple as a reference, showed that *U. amethystina* specimens have a high degree of synteny; however, for *ycf* 1 and non-coding sequences, they are highly divergent (<50% identity; Figure 4). Furthermore, the coding regions *ccs*A, *mat*K, *rpo*C2, *rpo*C1, *rps*19, *ycf* 1, *ycf* 2; the introns *atp*F and *rps*16; and most intergenic spacers, such as *trn*K-*rps*16, *rps*16-*trn*Q, *psb*K-*psb*I, *trn*L-*trn*F, and *trn*H-*psb*A, showed high levels of variation that can be used for phylogenetic and DNA-barcoding studies (Figure 4).

The SSC regions of *Utricularia amethystina* morphotypes are similar to most *Utricularia*, except for *U. reniformis*, due to the deletion of *ndh*s genes (Figure 5), and *U. gibba*, which have an extra copy of *ycf* 1 and *ndh*F.
