*4.5. Intraspecific Polymorphism Analyses*

For polymorphism analyses, the *Utricularia amethystina* chloroplasts were aligned using MAFFT v.7, with default parameters. Based on the cpDNA multiple alignments, polymorphism analysis was conducted for coding genes, introns, and intergenic spacers. The nucleotide diversity was calculated using Tassel v.5.2.54 [71] with a sliding window of 500 bp length.
