**4. Virtual Network: Wolfpack City**

"Wolfpack City" was developed as a virtual non-potable water distribution network (Figure 4) with realistic hydraulic design parameters and is used in this research to simulate a micro-trading program. It is assumed that each household receives potable water to meet high-quality end uses via a separate potable water system that is not modeled in this framework; simulations for Wolfpack City are specifically for non-potable water supply and demand. Wolfpack City represents a population of 2016 households, which exert irrigation demands based on rainfall and evapotranspiration. One demand is exerted as a constant flow (0.0078 m3/s or 125 GPM) to represent an industrial demand, such as a cooling process.

## *4.1. Non-Potable Network System*

Household elevations in Wolfpack City range from 282 to 312 m (Figure 4). The source represented by a reservoir with a head of 297 m is a reclaimed water treatment plant and pumps water to the network using a set of pumps and a tank. The pump station includes a main pump and eight additional parallel pumps that are controlled by the water level of the tank. The main pump delivers up to 0.0227 m3/s and a gained head of around 56 m. The parallel pumps operate to meet the intermittent demand exerted by consumers and deliver up to 0.050 m3/s each. The pump efficiency is simulated as 75%. The tank is initialized at full capacity.

**Figure 4.** Wolfpack City water model. Each terminal node represents 18 households, which are represented using three nodes each: a meter node, positive demand node, and negative demand node.
