3.4.4. Obtain Real-Time Water Consumption and Consumer Billing

SWS connected with the billing system and consumption system can display the metering information on the end-user's platform, like laptops, smartphones, or tablets via internet connection. This real-time water consumption information helps customers to save water and costs [83,84]. As the crux elements of SWS, the automated meter readings (AMR) and automatic meter infrastructure (AMI) provide real-time feedback on water usage for customers. This enables customers to make informed choices towards water-consuming habits and join in the water management activity. In reverse, the change of demand pattern would help the engineers and operators to calibrate their model, optimize pump and valves schedules [85], and modify the boundary conditions timely as efficiently as accurately [47].
