**3. Agent-Based Modeling Framework**

The modeling framework presented in this research loosely couples an agent-based model with a hydraulic simulation model (Figure 2). The agent-based model represents households as either consumers, which purchase water and withdraw it from the system, or prosumers, which pump collected rainwater into the network when a buyer has committed to purchase the water. Prosumer water input and consumer demands are used to modify an input file for the hydraulic simulation, which calculates water flows and pressures in the pipe network based on production and

consumption of water at households. The agent-based model is described following the Overview Design Details (ODD) protocol [79]. The ODD protocol provides a clear and succinct approach to describe agent-based models by describing purpose, entities, state variables, and scales as part of the Overview; process overview and design concepts as part of the Design; input, initialization, implementation, and submodels as part of the Details.

**Figure 2.** Agent-based modeling framework couples consumer and prosumer agents with a reclaimed water network. Image credit: Water Tank by Carlos Ochoa from the Noun Project.
