*5.3. Smart Water (End-User) Data Disaggregation and Analysis*

Real-time meter readings generate massive data that require good organization and powerful analytics to extract useful information [103]. The high-resolution water data sampling can enable end-user disaggregation to efficiently recognize the peak demand, pipe leakage, and breakage [104,105]. However, the smart water system field is still lacking proper data disaggregation and analysis tools.

The development of data analysis tools that utilize the processed data to obtain water consumption information such as peak hourly consumption, end-uses, or comparative analysis is still at the formative stage [106]. Multi-Resolution data availability can assist utilities in obtaining benefits from data sampling and the cost of high-resolution metering, real-time data-model coupling, and maintaining metering infrastructures [67,72]. These are the most critical challenges requiring urgent research attention as the efficient end-user data analysis approach can benefit the customers' billing and costs. Such work will provide insight into future big water data management research and commercial applications [107–109].
