*5.1. Cyberattack to Smart Water Micro-Components*

As the latest information and data center systems are vulnerable to hackers switching off the power easily, the smart equipment being connected to the wider internet is revealed to be exposed to cyberattack risks [98]. This finding reflects the current security problems in the IoTs are a significant public concern. SWS, which is also on the basis of IoT, should not ignore this concern, and it is required to build a strong defensive wall to cyberattacks [52]. However, there are few studies discussing the protection of smart water micro-components. Different smart devices such as sensors, loggers, samplers, and controllers play roles of varying importance in water systems, meaning that cyberattackers might select the attacking intentionally in one specific case. In this way, we need to develop efficient methods and technologies to benchmark the smart water micro-components protection efficiency. This will budget the investment in the water system retrofitting where identical smart water micro-components are required for different defense costs.
