3.4.2. Reduce Energy Loss and Improve System Efficiency

Energy is needed to extract, deliver, treat, and heat water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses [77,78]. In the United States, the energy required to move and handle the water is estimated to comprise 4% of total electricity consumption nationwide [79]. Knowing the quantity of water needed, and accounting for any losses, utilities can produce less water. This will be reflected in lower energy consumption as well as in water conservation. The energy loss and costs can be reduced by reducing the amount of water needed to be pumped, transported, heated, or treated [80]. Leakage in the water distribution system leads to additional energy required to pump and carry water to consumers as a result. Smart water sensors can monitor online pressure and warn pressure changes or significant pressure losses along with the water network, where utilities can remotely optimize the network pressure to help save energy [57].
