3.2.1. Base Scenario

In the base scenario corresponding to a normal operating condition, a daily peaking factor (DPF) of 1.80 was applied to the base demand to simulate daily water usage. The hydraulic measures under the base scenario serve as the reference values of performance changes according to the subsequent abnormal scenarios and are used for calculation of the nine reliability indices as summarized in Table 1. Note that the higher reliability index value indicates a higher system reliability.


**Table 1.** Reliability index values of 17 application networks in the base scenario.

RI: resilience index, MRI: modified resilience index, API: available power index, AD: average degree, NE: network efficiency, FE: flow entropy, PHRI: pipe hydraulic resilience index, RRI: revised resilience index, NRI: network resilience index.

#### 3.2.2. Scenario 1: Single-Pipe Failure

In Scenario 1, based on the base scenario flow condition, a single-pipe failure, in which each pipe is sequentially closed one by one, is constructed. Here, since all the pipes are closed once each, the probability of failure can be assumed to be the same. Therefore, changes in the performance of the entire system were calculated by averaging the measured changes of individual nodes over all failure cases.

## 3.2.3. Scenario 2: Water Consumption Increase

In Scenario 2, a scenario of increasing water consumption according to climate change and population growth was assumed. A study by Pachauri and Meyer [34] predicted that the global average temperature would increase by about 2 ◦C by 2050 according to the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 climate change scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Kenney et al. [35] found that daily water consumption increased by 2% for average temperature increases of 0.56 ◦C. Furthermore, Hoornweg and Pope [36] predicted that the population of major metropolitan cities in the world will increase by about 43.1% from 2025 to 2050, according to the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenario. Therefore, in this scenario, it is assumed that the base demand will increase by 41.5%, from 9.49 to 13.43 m3/h, according to the climate change and population growth prediction. Here, a DPF of 1.80 was also applied to establish the daily water usage condition.
