*3.4. Anti-Infective Nanobiomaterials*

Disease, injury, and trauma can lead to serious bacterial infections, which cause disease and adverse complications in host tissues and even death of patients [523]. Nanobiomaterials made from polymers, metals, and ceramics might be a potential source of infection when they are introduced into the body [524,525]. Virus and bacterial infections cause unregulated damage that leads to organ failure [526]. In polymeric biomaterials, the most common bacterial infections are powered by *Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis)* from skin and *Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)*, which may identified on metallic biomaterials [527]. Ceramics and metals can represent an alternative because of their resistance to infection. However, in presence of minor imperfections on the surface or microfractures, pathogens, such as bacteria, can form a colony [528]. Biomaterials from natural sources were used as alternative as scaffolds for promoting regeneration but they carry a risk for pathogenic transmission [529].
