**5. Biomarkers in Onco-Immunotherapy**

As we have already described, immunotherapies are one of the most promising approaches to treat cancer patients, but despite the demonstrated success in a variety of malignant tumours, the responses only occur in a minority of patients. Furthermore, these treatments involve inflammatory toxicity and a high cost. Therefore, determining which patients would derive clinical benefit from immunotherapy is an important goal. This requires the identification and validation of prognostic biomarkers. The integration of multiple tumour and immune response parameters, such as protein expression, genomics and transcriptomics, may be necessary to accurately predict clinical benefit.
