**3. Applications of Nanobiomaterials**

Nanobiomaterials have outstanding mechanical, chemical, electrical and optical properties, which make them highly suited for a variety of biological applications [70]. Nanotechnologies made it possible to develop new nanoscale materials (nanobiomaterials) with upgraded surface area to volume ratio, enabling more surface interactions [457–459]. As nanobiomaterials possess very specific properties that may be tailored to specific targets (i.e., solubility (for otherwise insoluble drugs), carriers for hydrophobic entities, multifunctional capability, active and passive targeting, ligands (size exclusion), and reduced toxicity), they have tremendous potential for disease identification (as imaging tools), care delivery, and prevention in new ways [107]. Nanobiomaterials are special kinds of materials that are introduced into the body for the treatment of damaged hard tissues [460]. The huge variety of biomedical applications of nanobiomaterials are illustrated in Figure 22 [428,461–463].

**Figure 22.** Applications of nanobiomaterials in the biomedical field.

Nanobiomaterials have well-defined nanostructures such as size, shape, channels, pore structure, and surface domain [464]. Nanoscale dimension enables nanobiomaterials to develop critical physical and chemical characteristics that enhance their performance [465,466]. The properties and behaviors of nanobiomaterials, therefore, allow the diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and prevention of diseases [467]. Nano-size materials show more catalytic reactions at their surface than macro-sized or conventional materials [468]. The nanoscale biomaterials create biomimetic feature towards most of the proteins which support further biological reactions such as cell attachment, growth, proliferation and generation of new tissue [36].
