**2. Methods**

We performed a literature search with the aim of identifying all published papers relating to the use of liposomes and lipid-based nanoparticles to augment dialysis in preclinical models for both endogenous toxins and intoxicants. We specifically included all experimental models both in vivo and in vitro, provided that the hypothesis tested in the study involved the capacity of liposomes to increase the extraction of target molecules into dialysate. Review papers were excluded.

The search involved both free text and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and included "((lipid and nanoparticle) or liposome) and (haemodialysis or hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis)". PubMed was searched from 1966 to November 2020. Google scholar was searched using the same search terms. Publications from any language were

considered. There were 143 results returned on PubMed and 109 results on Google Scholar. We additionally searched the bibliographies of relevant papers, along with a PubMed search of prominent authors identified. Abstracts were reviewed by one author (KH), with subsequent review of full texts as necessary. Where any issues were identified around study inclusion, these were resolved by discussion between two authors (KH and GC). Studies were included if liposomes were used in vitro or in vivo to augment dialysis of either endogenous toxins or intoxicants. Given the small number of papers and the heterogeneity of targets, liposomes and experimental models used, we extracted a summary of the experimental design with outcomes relevant to that design from the identified papers.
