2.1.2. Measurement Equipment

The pilot plant is equipped with measurement equipment for temperatures, pressures, mass flow rates, and flue gas composition at several measurement locations. The temperatures and pressures are measured inside the riser, the hot loop circulation, the flue gas path, and the peripheral systems. Orifice plates and venturi nozzles measure the flow rate of the combustion air and the flue gas. The mass flow rate of solids is measured either by weight decrease (the continuous measurement of fuel and sand) or weight increase (the discontinuous measurement of bottom ash and fly ash). Solid samples are taken from these positions to analyze the chemical composition and the physical/mechanical properties of the solids. The flue gas composition is measured at three locations. The volumetric concentration (dry state) of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide is measured

after the cyclone with a paramagnetic sensor for O2 and an NDIR (nondispersive infrared) sensor for the other gases. Before and after the fabric filter, the gas composition is measured with two FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) measurement devices, which are additionally equipped with oxygen sensors. Besides the main gas components (O2, CO2, H2O), the concentration of trace gases (HCl, NOx, SO2, NO, CH4, CO) can be measured with these FTIRs.
