*Article* **Determination of a Complete Conversion Model for Gasification of Lignite Char**

#### **Christian Heinze \*, Eric Langner, Jan May and Bernd Epple**

TU Darmstadt, Institute for Energy Systems and Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany;

Eric.Langner@est.tu-darmstadt.de (E.L.); jan.may@est.tu-darmstadt.de (J.M.); bernd.epple@est.tu-darmstadt.de (B.E.)

**\*** Correspondence: christian.heinze@est.tu-darmstadt.de; Tel.: +49-6151/16-23130; Fax: +49-(0)-6151/16-22690

Received: 14 February 2020; Accepted: 6 March 2020; Published: 11 March 2020

**Abstract:** The conversion of solid fuels via gasification is a viable method to produce valuable fuels and chemicals or electricity while also offering the option of carbon capture. Fluidized bed gasifiers are most suitable for abundantly available low-rank coal. The design of these gasifiers requires well-developed kinetic models of gasification. Numerous studies deal with single aspects of char gasification, like influence of gas compositions or pre-treatment. Nevertheless, no unified theory for the gasification mechanisms exists that is able to explain the reaction rate over the full range of possible temperatures, gas compositions, carbon conversion, etc. This study aims to demonstrate a rigorous methodology to provide a complete char gasification model for all conditions in a fluidized bed gasifier for one specific fuel. The non-isothermal thermogravimetric method was applied to steam and CO2 gasification from 500 ◦C to 1100 ◦C. The inhibiting effect of product gases H2 and CO was taken into account. All measurements were evaluated for their accuracy with the Allan variance. Two reaction models (i.e., Arrhenius and Langmuir–Hinshelwood) and four conversion models (i.e., volumetric model, grain model, random pore model and Johnson model) were fitted to the measurement results and assessed depending on their coefficient of determination. The results for the chosen char show that the Langmuir–Hinshelwood reaction model together with the Johnson conversion model is most suitable to describe the char conversion for both steam and CO2 gasification of the tested lignite. The coefficient of determination is 98% and 95%, respectively.

**Keywords:** gasification; kinetic model; conversion model; reaction model; low-rank coal
