**2. Material and Method**

The research presented in this paper includes the following methods:


The research location, Dr Ivan Ribar's settlement, is located in New Belgrade's Block 72, about 7.5 km away from the city center at the location planned for social and affordable housing. The land on which the complex was built is the public property of the Republic of Serbia. The facilities were built from the state budget and the settlement was built in two phases. In the period from 2010 to 2012, a part of the settlement was built according to the project of the awarded competition work from 2006. The second part of the settlement, where the disputed facilities are located, was built during 2013, according to the awarded competition project from 2011. This settlement includes six buildings with 770 housing units of different types. After moving in, disputed buildings No. 1 and 3 (see Figure 1) were found to have been built by the same company, hired by the Construction Directorate of Serbia.

**Figure 1.** Dr Ivan Ribar settlement in Belgrade, Serbia. Source: Authors and Geo Serbia Map portal.

In addition, the situation with the social and affordable housing in Serbia is briefly described with focus on the legal framework and regulations relating to this type of construction, bearing in mind that social housing is still considered cheap. This type of construction was done with minimal costs and at the cheapest price, i.e., following the logic of "least cost" mentality [22].

## **3. Facility Management (FM), Sustainability Issues and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)**

Considering the general definition that facility management (FM) is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology [23], its possibilities in creating an environment that will meet the parameters of IAQ should be reconsidered. More specific, ISO/FIDIS 41001:2018 standard gives an updated emphasis on health: "FM integrates multiple disciplines to have an influence on the efficiency, productivity and economies of societies, communities and organizations as well as the manner in which individuals interact with the built environment. FM affects the health, well-being and quality of life of the world's societies and population through services, management and deliveries" [24]. This is especially important when comparing the phases and subcategories of critical building design control [25] in delivering IAQ and services [26–29] covered by FM. In addition, according to Hodges [30], "the facility manager is in a unique position to view the entire process and is often the leader of the only group that has influence over the entire life cycle of a facility." This also includes the responsibility to manage individual and community health [31–33].

At present, the central issues of FM practice consist of place or facility, people or user of the building, and process or activities in the facility [26,34,35]. On the other hand, FM can involve several strategic issues such as property asset portfolio management, strategic property decision, and facility planning and development, which are related to policy and strategic planning of the organization [26,36–38]. Rondeau et al. [39] state that facility managers' "role is to ensure that the customer and the corporation have an on-time and onbudget project with the best possible site, space, facilities, furnishings and support systems to serve their needs today and tomorrow." Accordingly, they are responsible for identifying, securing and working with qualified and high-quality service and product providers. The benefits of sustainability and green building practices in FM are well established [30], however, some researchers [40–43] state that although awareness of sustainability is high, the participants' efforts in implementation are low, due to different barriers [44,45]. Looking from the perspective of the sustainability 'triple bottom line', social and environmental factors often take a back seat to the overall strategy of the organization, due to the need to build at the lowest cost.

Keeping in mind the entire life cycle of the facility, facility managers are in the position to view the entire process [30]. In this regard, different authors [30,46–48] indicate the strategic role of FM in achieving sustainability. This implies an integrative role [48] of the facility manager in understanding the needs of the end-users of the facility and acting as an advisor to owners, designers, consultants and contractors about sustainability requirements in a project. In line with the sustainability aspects of the facilities, one group of the FM engagements includes activities related to the prevention and maintenance of IAQ.

In recent years, the more proactive approach of Urban FM has contributed to an increase in health and well-being [49], which is important in helping the physical causes and symptoms of poor health, as well as the social, economic and environmental components of individual, community, and overall well-being. With community-based participation and collaborative governance processes, the co-creation processes capitalize on a local community's assets, capital, inspiration and potential, resulting in both the enhancement of housing quality and the creation of quality public spaces [50,51]. This in turn contributes to people's health, happiness and well-being, and the community's resilience and sustainability [50]. In addition, health-directed design interventions in cities and facilities are related and create scope for crossovers among different professions on the urban level [33].

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defines acceptable IAQ in its Standard 62-1989 as "air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (90 percent or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction." In order to act effectively in this area, buildings need to be viewed as a "habitat" in which the IAQ "ecosystem" model consists of the occupants, their activities, the air pathway and the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the building envelope, and its environmental setting [22]. All the aforementioned elements comprise an interlinking model which cannot be dealt with individually.

Problems with the IAQ usually start with the building occupants' complaints on discomfort, headaches, nausea, dizziness, sore throats, dry or itchy skin, sinus congestion, nose irritation or excessive fatigue [22]. Depending on the character of the complaints, they can be divided into two groups, namely: sick building syndrome (SBS) and building related illness (BRI). SBS is a building that has a condition that can make its occupants uncomfortable, irritated or even ill, while BRI is deemed as a building associated with a clinically verifiable and diagnosable disease. According to Bas [52], "buildings may have as many as 900 contaminants indoors with thousands of sources—including new furniture, cleaning agents, smoking, new building materials, pesticides and even perfume and other cosmetics." Many contaminants are microbiological or otherwise organic, triggering asthma and allergies.

To prevent the indoor air pollution that could be related to the building construction process, Levin [25] identified mayor phases and subcategories of critical building design control that cover site planning and design, overall architectural design, ventilation and climate control, materials selections and specifications and construction process and initial occupancy.

Comparing selected frameworks in prevention of indoor air pollution [25] and FM services and responsibilities developed by Chotipanich [26], Rondeau et al. [39], Barret and Finch [37] and Jensen et al. [53], individual FM activities were identified which have a decisive role in preventing the occurrence of indoor air pollution. These include:


In addition to pollutants from the external environment, construction materials and materials used for interior design and furnishing, the so-called subsidiary means used for construction, also have an impact. Dealing with the issues of the construction and subsidiary materials, Burroughs and Hansen [22] identified building materials of particular concern divided in accordance with the construction phase (see Figure 3).


**Figure 2.** Services and categories of facilities management (FM) approach and delivering indoor air quality (IAQ) compared and redistributed according to the phases of the linear model of the construction process.


**Figure 3.** Building materials of particular concern [22].

It is important to mention that the effects of many of chemicals emitted from the products are still not fully understood, but many are known or suspected human irritants, and some are suspected human carcinogens. Considering all those mentioned, the activities of FM must cover the process of commissioning, which is emerging as a critical component of successful completion of the construction process and involves the aggressive overview of each stage of the construction project in order to assure the conformance of the project to the design, resulting in a building that performs according to intent [22]. On the other side, every case is specific and may indicate distinct situations and circumstances that lead to the occurrence of indoor air pollution, the knowledge of which could improve the construction process and prevent future cases and similar situations.
