*2.1. The Turbulence Models*

Turbulence modeling is a critical process for the numerical investigation of thermal environments. There have been some available studies to evaluate the performance of various turbulence models. Zhai et al. [42] compared eight turbulence models for predicting airflow and turbulence in enclosed environments and found that the Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-ε model performed best among the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models. Hussain et al. [43] used six RANS turbulence models to simulate the thermal environment in an atrium, and found the Shear–Stress Transport (SST) k-ω model provided comparatively better results. Li et al. [44] presented a numerical evaluation of the eddy viscosity turbulence models in terms of CFD modeling of convection-radiation coupled heat transfer in the indoor environment, and demonstrated a great performance of k-ω group models. In this study, five RANS turbulence models (including the standard k-ε model, the RNG k-ε model, the realizable k-ε model, the standard k-ω model, the SST k-ω model) and the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model were selected to evaluate the prediction of the airflow and temperature distributions in the vehicle cabin.
