*2.3. The Solar Load Model (SLM)*

Thermal energy due to incident solar rays is a very common but important phenomenon. In the SLM, the solar beam direction and irradiation were calculated according to the provided geographical place and the given time based on the solar load model's ray tracing algorithm. A two-band spectral model was used for direct solar illumination and accounted for separate material properties in the visible and infrared bands. A single-band hemispherical-averaged spectral model was used for diffuse radiation. The ground was considered to be dry bare land with a reflectivity of 0.2 [40]. Solar scattering was set to the default value of 1.
