*2.1. EV Charging Modes Defined in IEC 61851-1 Standard*

According to IEC 61851-1 standard, the charging of electrical vehicles can be done in four ways (illustrated in Figure 1), as following:


• Mode 4, where the EV is fast charging in direct current (DC).

**Figure 1.** Different charging methods defined in IEC 61851-1: (**a**) Mode 1; (**b**) Mode 2; (**c**) Mode 3; (**d**) Mode 4.
