1.2.1. The Effective Density Model

*ρn f* is the effective density of nanofluids, which is given by [24,25]

$$
\rho\_{nf} = (1 - \varphi)\rho\_f + \varphi \,\rho\_{\text{CNT}}.\tag{1}
$$

Here, *ϕ* signifies the volume fraction of nanoparticles and *ρ<sup>f</sup>* , *ρCNT* signify the density of the base fluid and CNTs, respectively.

## 1.2.2. The Effective Viscosity Model

*μn f* is the effective density of nanofluids, which is given by [24,25]

$$
\mu\_{nf} = \mu\_f (1 - \varphi)^{-2.5},
\tag{2}
$$

1.2.3. The Effective Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Nanoparticles Model

(*ρβ*⊗)*n f* is the effective thermal expansion coefficient of nanoparticles, which is given by [24,25]

$$(\rho \beta^{\odot})\_{nf} = (1 - \varphi) (\rho \beta^{\odot})\_f + \varphi (\rho \beta^{\odot})\_{\text{CNT}'} \tag{3}$$

(*ρβ*⊗)*<sup>f</sup>* ,(*ρβ*⊗)*CNT* signify the thermal expansion coefficient of the base fluid and CNTs, respectively.
