1.2.5. The Effective Electrical Conductivity Model

*σn f* is the effective electrical conductivity of nanofluids, which is given by

$$
\sigma\_{nf} = \sigma\_f \left[ 1 + \frac{3\left(\frac{\sigma\_{nf}}{\sigma\_f} - 1\right)\varrho}{\left(\frac{\sigma\_{nf}}{\sigma\_f} + 2\right) - \left(\frac{\sigma\_{nf}}{\sigma\_f} - 1\right)\varrho} \right],\tag{5}
$$

*σ<sup>f</sup>* , *σCNT* signify the electrical conductivity of the base fluid and CNTs, respectively.
