2.1.4. Antifungal Activity of NPs

Bansod et al. [34] reported bioconjugate-nano-PCR as a rapid and specific method for the identification of *Candida* species in less time. The DNA sample of *Candida albicans* was conjugated with AuNPs and AgNPs synthesized from *F. oxysporum*. The use of this nanoparticle-altered template enhances the sensitivity and specificity of the traditional PCR assay. It is helpful in molecular diagnostics and therapeutics. It is demonstrated as an effective method for the identification of *Candida* sp. with a low concentration of DNA and less time. In another study, it was demonstrated that AgNPs synthesized by *F. oxysporum* were inhibitory to pathogenic fungi such as *Candida* and *Cryptococcus* [76].

Horky et al. [80] summarized the current findings of mycotoxins and their elimination by nanoparticles. They concluded that nanomaterials have interesting adsorption properties, which make them promising for mycotoxin elimination.

#### 2.1.5. Antiparasitic Activity Against Vectors

Some studies showed that AgNPs synthesized from different fungal species can be employed in pest control [81]. In a study, Dhanasekaran and Thangaraj [82] evaluated the larvicidal activity of biogenically synthesized AgNPs against the larvae of *Culex* mosquito vector, which causes filariasis. The authors reported that 5 mg/L AgNPs were responsible for 100% mortality of the Culex larvae. This research has opened a new area of research that the biogenically synthesized AgNPs can be used for the control of mosquito vectors causing diseases like filaria, malaria. dengue, etc.
