**5. Conclusions**

Dairy cattle feed is prone to fungal infections and major fungus infecting peanut meals, and cotton seeds are *A. flavus* with aflatoxins producing nature. Therefore, an urgent need to produce novel and safer nano-biocides to prevent fungal contamination of food and feed. Current research shows that these two media can only distinguish between aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates from *A. flavus*. Most *A. flavus* strains react positively with *aflP* primers and *aflA* covering regions 236 bp and 412 bp, respectively. Current results suggest that the prepared nanocomposites hydrogel could be used not only as an effective fungicide against plant pathogens but also can be effectively used for the management of toxigenic fungi. In addition, omics technologies can be extended to improve our knowledge of toxigenic fungi, classify fungal species, predict fungal contamination, and may also facilitate the progress of plant breeding by gene insertion technologies to improve host plant tolerance, deter or minimize contamination of mycotoxins in feed. In addition, omics technologies can be extended to improve our knowledge of toxigenic fungi, classify fungal species, predict fungal contamination, and may also facilitate the progress of plant breeding by nanobiotechnologies to improve host plant tolerance, deter, or minimize contamination of mycotoxins in feed.

**Author Contributions:** K.A.A.-E., project administration, resources, conceptualization; M.A.A., biology methodology; A.S., methodology, data analysis, resources; M.S.R., nanomaterials synthesis; S.S.A. and E.V.S., material characterizations; A.Y.V., methodology, validation; K.A.A.-E., A.S., M.S.R., S.S.A., E.V.S., A.Y.V., writing—review and editing, supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Current research was supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), Joint Egypt (STDF)-South Africa (NRF) Scientific Cooperation, Grant ID. 27837 to Kamel Abd-Elsalam.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for Physicochemical characterizations of copper-chitosan nanocomposite.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had a main role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
