3.2.3. Zinc Nanomaterials for Curbing Plant Viruses/Viroid Diseases

Viruses and viroids cause diverse diseases in crop plants on infection and are responsible for enormous losses posing a great threat to crop productivity and food security. Further, there is a lack of an effective plant viral disease control strategy besides the occurrence of a few commercial antiviral formulations, which enhance the threat for effective control of plant viral diseases. The use of nanomaterials for curbing the spread and disease severity of plant viruses is rather in its incipient stage and research reports on the use of silver [102,103], silver-graphene composite [105], iron oxide [172], and Fe3O<sup>4</sup> [106] nanomaterials have been published. However, there is one recent report on the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the plant foliage to curb Tobacco mosaic virus infection in *Nicotiana benthamiana* [45]. The details regarding the antimicrobial potential of various zinc nanomaterials against plant pathogens have been summarized and presented in Table 1.


#### **Table 1.**Antimicrobial potential of zinc nanomaterials on plant pathogenic microbes.


#### **Table 1.** *Cont.*


#### **Table 1.** *Cont.*


**Table 1.** *Cont.*
