*Article* **Long-Term Measurements of Radon and Thoron Exhalation Rates from the Ground Using the Vertical Distributions of Their Activity Concentrations**

**Oumar Bobbo Modibo 1,2, Yuki Tamakuma 1,3, Takahito Suzuki 1, Ryohei Yamada 1, Weihai Zhuo 4, Chutima Kranrod 3, Kazuki Iwaoka 5, Naofumi Akata 3, Masahiro Hosoda 1,3 and Shinji Tokonami 3,\***


**Abstract:** A long-term measurement technique of radon exhalation rate was previously developed using a passive type radon and thoron discriminative monitor and a ventilated type accumulation chamber. In the present study, this technique was applied to evaluate the thoron exhalation rate as well, and long-term measurements of radon and thoron exhalation rates were conducted for four years in Gifu Prefecture. The ventilated type accumulation chamber (0.8 <sup>×</sup> 0.8 <sup>×</sup> 1.0 m3) with an open bottom was embedded 15 cm into the ground. The vertical distributions of radon and thoron activity concentrations from the ground were obtained using passive type radon-thoron discriminative monitors (RADUETs). The RADUETs were placed at 1, 3, 10, 30, and 80 cm above the ground inside the accumulation chamber. The measurements were conducted from autumn 2014 to autumn 2018. These long-term results were found to be in good agreement with the values obtained by another methodology. The radon exhalation rates from the ground showed a clearly seasonal variation. Similar to findings of previous studies, radon exhalation rates from summer to autumn were relatively higher than those from winter to spring. In contrast, thoron exhalation rates were not found to show seasonal variation.

**Keywords:** exhalation rate; radon; thoron; long-term measurement; seasonal variation
