**Appendix A**

#### *Appendix A.1. Details of the Initial Stakeholder Consultation*

The webinar "The Future of Agro-Commodities in Forest Areas" on 26 September 2020 had 373 registered participants. They attended the on-line event geographically spread over 33 (out of 34) provinces; institutionally, 30% represented government agencies (local, national; forestry, non-forestry), 3% research organizations, 44% universities, 11% private sector, 13% NGO's. Demographically 35% was female and 27% below 25 years of age.

As first speaker the Director General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation (KSDAE), Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), Ir. Wiratno, MSc, marked the shift from a timber focus in the past to a much wider range of economic commodities as potentially derived from and grown in forests, as long as the societal functions of forests can be secured. Speakers from NGO's reviewed data on forest-associated poverty levels (around 21% of poor people in Indonesia are forest villagers) and presence of tree crops, with most specific debate about oil palm.

The discussion focused on the reliability of data of various sources and on opportunities to resolve issues through implementation of Law No.34/2014 on Soil and Water Conservation and Government Regulation No.46/2017 on Environmental Economic Instruments. Panelists emphasized a need for the involvement of government agencies in intensive assistance for large-scale plantations and smallholders in forest areas, and for law enforcement for deliberate occupation in forest areas and resolving tenure issues. The various strands of discussion informed the current manuscript.

#### *Appendix A.2. Analysis of FZ-OP by Elevation Zone and Forest Class*

The spatial data on FZ-OP and oil palm on non-forest lands are differentiated by forest class and elevation in Figure A1.

**Figure A1.** Probability of land having oil palm as land cover at four elevation zones (0 = 0–100; 1 = 100–300; 2 = 300–1000; 3 = >1000 m a.s.l.) in two provinces ((**A**–**C**), West Kalimantan; (**D**,**E**) Jambi), for specified land use designations outside and inside the forest-zone, according to three data sources ((**A**) [75]; (**B**,**D**) [33]; (**C**,**E**) [28]); (NB log scale on the X-axis).
