*Article* **Reduction of Pesticide Use in Fresh-Cut Salad Production through Artificial Intelligence**

**Davide Facchinetti 1,\*, Stefano Santoro 1,\*, Lavinia Eleonora Galli 1, Giulio Fontana 2, Lorenzo Fedeli 3, Simone Parisi 3, Luigi Bono Bonacchi 3, Stefan Šušnjar 3, Fabio Salvai 4, Gabriele Coppola 4, Matteo Matteucci 2 and Domenico Pessina 1**


**Abstract:** Incorrect pesticide use in plant protection often involve a risk to the health of operators and consumers and can have negative impacts on the environment and the crops. The application of artificial intelligence techniques can help the reduction of the volume sprayed, decreasing these impacts. In Italy, the production of ready-to-eat salad in greenhouses requires usually from 8 to 12 treatments per year. Moreover, inappropriate sprayers are frequently used, being originally designed for open-field operations. To solve this problem, a small vehicle suitable for moving over rough ground (named "rover"), was designed, able to carry out treatments based on a single row pass in the greenhouse, devoted to reduce significantly the sprayed product amount. To ascertain its potential, the prototype has been tested at two growth stages of some salad cultivars, adopting different nozzles and boom settings. Parameters such as boom height, nozzle spacing and inclination, pump pressure and rover traveling speed were studied. To assess the effectiveness of the spraying coverage, for each run several water-sensitive papers were placed throughout the vegetation. Compared to the commonly distributed mixture volume (1000 L/ha), the prototype is able to reduce up to 55% of product sprayed, but still assure an excellent crop coverage.

**Keywords:** greenhouse; precision spraying; rover; environment protection; operator's health; consumer's safety
