*1.3. Contributions*

This paper presents the development of a novel e-bike charging station that provides sustainable direct DC charging from solar photovoltaic energy, as shown in Figure 2. Using Reference [14] as a starting point, this paper provides the detailed design of the subcomponents of the charging station. The contributions are the following.


#### *1.4. Structure of the Paper*

In Section 2, the system design of the e-bike charging station together with the characteristics of the charging demand and battery storage is explained. Section 3 investigates the PV system design and modelling to determine the energy yield, shading conditions, and optimal orientation of the PV system. Sections 4–6 explain the AC, DC, and wireless charging system of the e-bike, including simulations and building of the experimental prototype. Section 7 presents the development of the charging station, experimental measurements of yield, and power managemen<sup>t</sup> strategies.

#### **2. Solar E-Bike Charging Station**
