**Appendix A**

Tables and graphs representing calculations have been included in this manuscript in order to o ffer a clearer view of the change in costs and expenses over the amount of time used. To begin with, Table A1 shows how the calculations are done regarding the first scenario included in this manuscript, and how they increase each year. It can be seen that almost from the very beginning using a V2G vehicle is advantageous compared to an ICE one. Likewise, Table A2 shows how the costs evolve for frequent drivers during the same timespan that has been established for the other two scenarios. In a similar manner, Table A3 shows how calculations result for the use case of occasional drivers. All these figures have been calculated with and without adjusting them to inflation, so the impact of the expenditures under constant 2019 USD value and in a way that could evolve in the future can be shown. It has to be taken into account that although inflation overall has been regarded to have a similar impact on the ICE vehicle and the V2G solution, it is higher for fuel than for electricity, according to the historical data that has been retrieved. For the total costs combined, cumulative figures have been included in the two rightmost columns in each of the tables. Table A4 shows the increase in the expenditures for the V2G where the battery is either purchased or rented during the same period of time, whereas Figure 3 shows the graphical representation. It has been depicted how from the sixth year and on costs favor purchasing the battery of the vehicle instead of renting it, with the exception of the period of time taking place immediately after renewing the battery of the V2G vehicle. Finally, Tables A4–A7 show yearly di fference in trading profitability depending on whether battery degradation is present or not. An example of this use case would be the yearly replacement of the battery in a V2G solution that is rented rather than purchased as part of the car.


**Table A1.** Cumulative costs for ICE and V2G solutions, professional drivers (figures are in USD).


**Table A2.** Cumulative costs for ICE and V2G solutions, frequent drivers (figures are in USD).










