*5.4. Recommendations*

Urban energy landscapes emerge from the coevolution of socio-ecological and socio-technical systems. They are heterogeneous, diverse, and require context-based interventions for success [72]. Table 1 shows place-based interventions that have been implemented in various informal settlements around the world. Some of these interventions can be adopted and adapted for the Mathare landscape.


**Table 1.** Summary of initiatives that can be implemented in Mathare: Lessons from other areas (Source: authors).

From the foregoing, this paper recommends that a landscape governance approach should be adopted when designing solutions for informal settlements to safeguard the environment and community interests. Strategies and approaches to sustainable energy transitions and landscape governance should be adapted to the changing societal demands and shifting opportunities for planning and policy making. Incentives in terms of safety, pricing, and security of supply should be provided to encourage informal settlement dwellers to switch to legal connections. Co-design of centralised solar power and biogas energy stations with residents should be explored as an alternative for supplying the community's energy needs with a ffordable renewable energy. Developing the energy stations with the community gives them a sense of ownership and the projects are more likely to succeed. The governmen<sup>t</sup> could also consider providing special electricity tari ffs for informal settlements to reduce the cost of connections and power supply. This will incentivise them to seek legal, safe connections. More importantly, this paper recommends and emphasizes the importance of policy actors and regulators investing in understanding the needs of consumers. This will help to build relationships of trust between residents, government, and service providers through multi-actor collaborations.
