**5. Conclusions**

In this paper, material and energy flow analysis is combined with a literature review to improve and validate the estimate of the current climate impact from building and construction processes in Sweden. The result is an estimate of around 9.8 Mt CO2 per year, close to 20% total Swedish GHG emissions, deriving predominantly from concrete and steel, together with diesel use in construction processes and material transports.

From the current estimate, the work provides a roadmap with an analysis of di fferent pathways of technological developments in the supply chains of the buildings and construction industry, including primary production of steel and cement. The analysis combines quantitative analysis methods, including scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the assessment process. By applying a combination of circularity and material e fficiency measures, biofuel or biomaterial substitution, electrification (direct or indirect) with renewable electricity, and carbon capture and storage, this roadmap demonstrates that the CO2 emissions associated with construction of buildings and transport infrastructure could be reduced by over 50% to 2030 and by over 90% to 2045. At the same time, strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers, and the availability of biofuels, CCS, and zero CO2 electricity may have di fferent implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/16/4136/s1, Inventory of abatement options and potential.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: I.K., J.R.; methodology: I.K.; software: I.K.; validation: I.K.; formal analysis: I.K., J.R., A.T.; investigation: I.K., A.T.; resources: I.K., data curation: I.K.; writing—original draft preparation: I.K.; writing–review and editing: I.K., J.R., A.T., M.O., F.J., L.G.; visualization: I.K.; project administration: F.J., M.O., L.G.; funding acquisition: F.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Mistra.

**Acknowledgments:** Close collaboration with both public and private stakeholders involved in the Mistra Carbon Exit research program have been important in the development of this study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
