*4.4. Metabolomics and Acyl Carnitine Analysis*

Cells were grown to 80% confluency before trypsinization and collection in 2 <sup>×</sup> 106 aliquots. Samples were processed at Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility at the University of Colorado AMC (Aurora, CO, USA) using standard protocols. For the measurement of acyl-carnitines, samples were extracted in a solution of methanol, acetonitrile, and water (5:3:2) at a concentration of 1 million cells/mL in presence of acyl-carnitines, deuterated standards (NSK-B, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Tewksbury, MA, USA). Samples were analyzed via UHPLC-MS (Vanquish-Q Exactive, ThermoFisher, Walthman, MA, USA) as previously described [54]. Analysis of the most significant pathways was performed with the MetaboAnalyst web-based analytical program [55].
