*4.3. RNA Extraction and Real-time qPCR*

Total RNA was extracted from cells using the Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) and 2 μg total RNA reverse-transcribed using the PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan). Real-time qPCR was performed with the SYBR Green MasterMix reagent (Takara) using the Mastercycler Realplex real time PCR system (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). Human *GAPDH* gene served as an internal control. The comparative 2-Ct method was used to calculate gene expression levels. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Primer sequences for real-time qPCR are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
