**4. Discussion**

Phytocomponents are natural components capable of exerting a therapeutic effect on disease entities, including cancer. Unlike conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, phytocomponents have shown to inhibit cancer cells without eliciting systemic toxicity. *Tc* is one such plant, whose phytocomponents have shown therapeutic value against several diseases, including cancer [3]. Thus, the present manuscript systematically reviewed the published literature to provide comprehensive data on the effect of *Tc* on cancer based on both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Assessment of the in vitro studies has shown *Tc* to have a potent anti-carcinogenic property based on induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, anti-migratory, anti-metastatic effect, upregulation of cellular senescence and cell

growth inhibition in cancer cells (Table 1). Assessment of in vivo studies has shown anti-carcinogenic properties in the form of apoptosis induction, decrease in the expression of proliferative markers, an overall reduction in disease burden, and recurrence rate, with a significant increase in the survival rate (Table 2).

### *4.1. Parts of the Tc with Anti-Carcinogenic E*ff*ect*

Phytocompounds have been isolated from all parts of *Tc* including the body of the plant, leaves and stem [4]. The stem of *Tc* has shown to contain most of the high phytocomponents, hence, most of the included studies have preferred the use of the stem. Rashmi KC et al. used *Tc* leaves, due to the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-1H-pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylate. Some studies have even used the whole plant [13].
