**5. Conclusions**

Among the six production systems, the conventional wheat production system in Denmark accounted for highest global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication. In Italy, global warming potential was highest in traditional agroforestry and lowest in the silvopastoral system whereas acidification and eutrophication was lowest in the traditional production system with high acidification e ffects from the silvopastoral system. In Italy, machinery use contributed the highest greenhouse gas emissions in silvopastoral and organic production systems, while the large contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer was recorded in the traditional and conventional production systems. In Denmark, the combined food and energy system was found to have lower environmental impacts compared to the conventional wheat production system according to the three indicators. For both systems in Denmark, the main contribution to greenhouse gas emission was due to fertilizer and manure application. Thus, the study demonstrated that the environmental footprint is dependent on the managemen<sup>t</sup> intensity of the production system. The field-based evidence from the study can contribute to informed decision making by the land managers and policy makers for promotion of environmentally friendly food and non-food production practices to meet the European Union targets of providing biomass-based materials and energy for bio-based economy in Europe and beyond.

**Author Contributions:** A.P. and G.R. provided data on the Italian production systems, B.B.G. provided data on the Danish production systems, M.B. and K.Z. conducted the data analysis. L.M.L. drafted the manuscript and ˙ B.B.G. and L.M.L revised and improved the scientific content of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Financial support from SustainFARM (grant agreemen<sup>t</sup> no. 652615) and WaterFARMING (grant agreemen<sup>t</sup> no: 689271) and BioEcon (grant agreemen<sup>t</sup> No 669062) projects for supporting the collation of experimental data and manuscript preparation is acknowledged.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
