*2.3. Life-Cycle Assessment*

After modelling the supply of energy in the various scenarios, the LCA is applied according to the international ISO14040 standard, which defines three main steps to conduct a LCA: (i) Aim and Scope; (ii) Inventory analysis; (iii) Interpretation. This study aims to analyze material and energy flows, and quantify the environmental impacts of distinct bioenergy value-chains for cooking across the life-cycle stages of the different systems, including feedstock collection, processing, distribution and use, as described in Table 2. This study has the final goal of identifying opportunities for environmental improvement, supporting decision makers to understand the sources and magnitudes of impacts throughout the life cycle of each system [31]. Although this study does not include any social and economic assessment of the proposed bioenergy strategies, the application of LCA in this study can be strategic to support environmentally sustainable energy planning policies in the Kisumu County.


**Table 2.** Bioenergy value-chains for cooking, life cycle stages, assumptions, and source of data based on a previous scenarios established by Carvalho et al. [26,40].

1 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) was considered according to the Ecoinvent process Liquefied petroleum gas {RoW}| market for| APOS, U; 2 Electricity was considered to be produced according to the Ecoinvent process Market for electricity, medium voltage KE; 3 The stoves with the indicated range of cooking efficiencies dominate the mix of fuel/cookstove systems; c Two Ecoinvent processes, respectively one applied for biomass residues and the other for woody biomass.
