**4. Conclusions**

This study introduces the concept of marginal agricultural land low-input systems (MALLIS) for industrial crop cultivation. MALLIS are defined as sets of agricultural low-input practices to form viable cropping systems on marginal agricultural lands under specific climatic conditions. These sets of practices are intended to be holistically sustainable in both social-ecological and economic terms. The study identified the climatic and geophysical constraints on biomass production and the ability of 19 industrial crops to cope with these limitations. Overall, the industrial crops showed high suitability for low-input cultivation on marginal agricultural lands across Europe. However, further investigations of MALLIS are required to investigate their social-ecological sustainability and climate change effects on marginal agricultural lands.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.V.C., I.L. (Iris Lewandowski), Y.I., D.S., S.L.C., O.M., I.E., F.Z., D.L., S.N., I.L. (Isabelle Lamy), L.C., M.S., J.E.C., P.C., I.M., L.M.T., E.N.V.L., W.E., A.L.F., E.G.P. and E.A.; Data curation, M.V.C., I.S., M.V.E., S.M., D.S., F.Z., I.M. and E.A.; Formal analysis, M.V.C., B.E., I.S. and M.V.E.; Funding acquisition, I.L. (Iris Lewandowski), S.L.C., A.M. and E.A.; Investigation, M.V.C., I.M., A.L.F. and E.A.; Methodology, M.V.C., I.L. (Iris Lewandowski), B.E., I.S., M.V.E., S.M., D.S., G.T., S.L.C., O.M., I.E., F.Z., D.L., I.L. (Isabelle Lamy), J.E.C., P.C., I.M., L.M.T., E.N.V.L., A.L.F., E.G.P. and E.A.; Project administration, E.A.; Resources, M.V.C., S.M., F.Z., I.M., E.N.V.L. and E.A.; Software, I.S., M.V.E. and I.M.; Supervision, I.L. (Iris Lewandowski), B.E., S.L.C., A.M., D.L., J.E.C., L.M.T., A.L.F. and E.A.; Validation, M.V.C., B.E., I.S., M.V.E., D.S., G.T., S.L.C., O.M., I.E., F.Z., A.M., D.L., I.L. (Isabelle Lamy), J.E.C., P.C., I.M., L.M.T., E.N.V.L., A.L.F., E.G.P. and E.A.; Visualization, M.V.C., B.E., I.S. and

M.V.E.; Writing—original draft, M.V.C., I.L. (Iris Lewandowski), B.E., Y.I., D.S., G.T., S.L.C., O.M., I.E., F.Z., D.L., I.L. (Isabelle Lamy), J.E.C., P.C., I.M., L.M.T., E.N.V.L., A.L.F., E.G.P. and E.A.; Writing—review and editing, M.V.C.

**Funding:** This research received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under gran<sup>t</sup> agreemen<sup>t</sup> No 727698. The article processing charge was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under gran<sup>t</sup> agreemen<sup>t</sup> No 727698.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors are thankful to Nicole Gaudet for proof-reading the manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
