**4. Conclusions**

A V2G set-up of a University campus was modelled based upon energy demands, potential supply and net profits. A method of integrating V2G technology into a campus has been created under different scenarios, various demands, such as peak time and offpeak, to allow the V2G method to take place. The investigation shows that the proposed method is economically and environmentally beneficial. The proposed method can adapt depending on the variables, such as the type of EV, battery life, times and intensity of supply and demand etc. Results reveal that using the charge from EVs costs 64.7% less and 9.79% less than purchasing from the grid and using battery storage, over the 10-year period, at all times of the day. For only peak times, the cost was 10.8% less and 10.3% less than purchasing from the grid and using battery storage over the 10-year period. The finance authority can change to match requirements to suit the owners of the installations or to add incentives for the EV users. Thus, both parties gain profit instead of simulating just the benefit of using V2G for the National Grid, which has been performed thoroughly and presented in various articles [9]. The university campus is used instead, showing the great financial benefits to provide incentives to improve the growth of the V2G utilisation.

The future of EVs is rapidly growing with efficiency, effectiveness [40–43], and popularity for reducing carbon footprint [44–47], lower cost of EVs, the opportunity of battery replacement and the increment of the lifespan of the batteries. Although many research works are conducting on surrounding EVs [48–50] however, the main obstruction for any V2G method is that the EV consumers will have to buy new batteries more often, and they will require an incentive to sell their electricity. Therefore, the electricity from the EVs needs to be paid for at a high enough rate that at least the replacement of the battery can be covered. This drastically reduces the effectiveness.

Feed forward NN has provided accurate results regarding the energy generation and V2G cost predictions, for the months of April and May. The months of April and May were less accurate, due to the volatility of the energy demand, with an error of 11% and 32%. More data regarding the V2G price could be added into the MLA, and various MLA's can be employed to prove the accuracy of volatile energy demands. The V2G price analysis didn't include the price of installation, only the price of purchasing the energy from the EVs at 85.2 p/kW. The main method used 104 EV chargers, whereas the MLA for the V2G price uses; however, many chargers are needed for the demand of the month. The amount of 6.66 kW chargers ranges from 24 to 104. Further work on the MLA could include integrating this with other energy factors of the building, such as renewable generation, to drive future building development towards carbon reduction.

In the future, a smart meter can be designed to meet the EV owners' demands so that it can be decided to select the time of charging their EVs. The users should be well informed about the degradation of their car battery and estimated their net profit. In addition, buildings with many customers, such as the Manchester University campus or various businesses, could reduce the cost of energy bill by applying the proposed method.

This method then relies on the research and improvement of EVs, specific to EV batteries and price, allowing the consumer to make a profit, giving the National Grid or any supplier more freedom for the variables of the method. Based on achieved results in this paper, the method entertains various techniques demonstrating a viable option for EVs in future.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, C.S. and M.A.; methodology, C.S. and M.A.; validation, M.A. and A.A.; formal analysis, M.A. and A.A.; investigation, C.S., M.A. and A.A.; resources, A.A.; data curation, C.S., writing—original draft preparation, C.S., writing—review and editing, M.A. and A.A.; visualization, C.S., M.A. and A.A.; supervision, M.A. and A.A.; project administration, M.A. and A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
