*1.3. Lifespan and Variables of EVs*

An average motorists' mileage is around 7600 miles per year, and the battery capacity for an EV may decrease to 80% after 20 years of driving [10,11]. A certain model of EV was driven with a mileage of 232,442 miles and had a range of 220 miles of its original 265-mile range. This equates to 83% of the original battery life, meaning the batteries for an EV should last at least 20 years or even longer [10]. Another EV model estimated battery life to be 10–12 years beyond the life of the car, with Nissan's evaluation of a 10-year car life and up to 22 years for the lifespan of the battery [12].

The EV is usually under perfect driving conditions when tested or simulated, whereas the driving range can be more accurately predicted using various methods. A 'Fuzzy Logic Classifier' method was used for conducting simulation and prediction. Certain variables are necessary to get a prediction, such as the battery size and weights of 1, 2 and 4 people in the car. This also includes variables, such as the slope, in which the vehicle is travelling to calculates a more accurate prediction on the battery lifespan [13]. EV batteries are continuing to improve, with different companies improving at different rates. The lifespan of the battery plays a great role in the proposed method, as the owner of the EV is compensated for the reduction in battery lifespan. The range on a type of EV battery is reduced by 2% for every 100,000 km [14]. As batteries become more efficient and last longer, this does not make as much of an impact on the method.
