*1.2. EV Infrastructure and Net Profits*

The success of the V2G solution relies on consumers' cooperation, and thus, it is dictated by consumers' perspective. Location of charging stations play a great role in using EVs as some people prefer to charge their EV at home, whereas some of them do at work. The number of charging stations play a role as well, as there may not be available enough at their place of work either. This creates a disadvantage with the range of the vehicle, as using conventional fuelled vehicles allow long-distance travel and quick fuelling, whereas EV's are limited by distance and charging time. Some areas are situated without charging points for 10's of miles, thus, the availability of charging points is essential for future use of EVs.

According to 'Office for Low Emission Vehicles' (OLEV), an EV charger will cost roughly £650 to purchase and install with a Government incentive to pay up to £500 of the cost [8]. This would eliminate the problem of people without having enough charging points as they could charge them at home. While charging at home, people may not charge their EV's at work, in the denser areas where bi-directional EV charging is essential. UK Government offers a grant towards EVs as they are more costly than ICE's. This grant could be up to 35% on cars passing certain requirements and 20% on motorcycles, mopeds, vans and taxis of up to £3500, £1500, £1500, £8000 and £7500, respectively.

The importance of the financial side of the method is discussed through investigating the costs and benefits of EVs participating in a V2G scheme. The work in Reference [9] uses four brands of EV, showing the trend between energy use from the battery and the higher price for peak-time, which can generate income. As the battery is being charged and discharged more commonly, the lifespan may drastically decrease where the consumers require buying new batteries more often, so the cheaper the battery, the higher the net income. The highest cost of V2G investment by power grid companies in the battery storage needed. The larger the battery capacity of EVs, the fewer EVs are needed to match the same capacity, meaning the reduction of investment costs for battery storage from the NG.
