*Review* **Emission of Dislocations from Grain Boundaries and Its Role in Nanomaterials**

**James C. M. Li 1,\*, C. R. Feng <sup>2</sup> and Bhakta B. Rath <sup>2</sup>**


**\*** Correspondence: jli@ur.rochester.edu

**Abstract:** The Frank-Read model, as a way of generating dislocations in metals and alloys, is widely accepted. In the early 1960s, Li proposed an alternate mechanism. Namely, grain boundary sources for dislocations, with the aim of providing a different model for the Hall-Petch relation without the need of dislocation pile-ups at grain boundaries, or Frank-Read sources inside the grain. This article provides a review of his model, and supporting evidence for grain boundaries or interfacial sources of dislocations, including direct observations using transmission electron microscopy. The Li model has acquired new interest with the recent development of nanomaterial and multilayers. It is now known that nanocrystalline metals/alloys show a behavior different from conventional polycrystalline materials. The role of grain boundary sources in nanomaterials is reviewed briefly.

**Keywords:** dislocation emission; grain boundaries; nanomaterials; Hall-Petch relation; metals and alloys
