**Kenneth Lundstrom**

PanTherapeutics, 1095 Lutry, Switzerland; lundstromkenneth@gmail.com; Tel.: +41-79-776-6351 Received: 14 February 2019; Accepted: 4 March 2019; Published: 8 March 2019

**Abstract:** Alphaviruses have been engineered as vectors for high-level transgene expression. Originally, alphavirus-based vectors were applied as recombinant replication-deficient particles, subjected to expression studies in mammalian and non-mammalian cell lines, primary cell cultures, and in vivo. However, vector engineering has expanded the application range to plasmid DNA-based delivery and expression. Immunization studies with DNA-based alphavirus vectors have demonstrated tumor regression and protection against challenges with infectious agents and tumor cells in animal tumor models. The presence of the RNA replicon genes responsible for extensive RNA replication in the RNA/DNA layered alphavirus vectors provides superior transgene expression in comparison to conventional plasmid DNA-based expression. Immunization with alphavirus DNA vectors revealed that 1000-fold less DNA was required to elicit similar immune responses compared to conventional plasmid DNA. In addition to DNA-based delivery, immunization with recombinant alphavirus particles and RNA replicons has demonstrated efficacy in providing protection against lethal challenges by infectious agents and tumor cells.

**Keywords:** alphaviruses; layered RNA/DNA vectors; DNA vaccines; RNA replicons; recombinant particles; tumor regression; protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents
