Reprint

Advances in DNA Vaccines

Edited by
August 2021
210 pages
  • ISBN978-3-0365-0300-4 (Hardback)
  • ISBN978-3-0365-0301-1 (PDF)

This book is a reprint of the Special Issue Advances in DNA Vaccines that was published in

Biology & Life Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Summary

DNA is a rapidly developing vaccine platform for cancer and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Plasmids are used as immunogens to encode proteins to be further synthesized in vaccine recipients. DNA is mainly synthetic, ensuring enhanced expression in the cells of vaccine recipients (mostly mammalians). Their introduction into the host induces antibody and cellular responses. The latter are often more pronounced, and mimic the events occurring in infection, especially viral. There are a few distinct ways in which the vaccine antigen can be processed and presented, which determine the resulting immune response and which can be manipulated. Routinely, the antigen synthesized within the host cell is processed by proteasome, loaded onto, and presented in a complex with MHC I molecules. Processing can be re-routed to the lysosome, or immunogen can be secreted for further presentation in a complex with MHC II. Apart from expression, vaccination efficacy depends on DNA delivery. DNA immunogens are generally administered by intramuscular or intradermal injections, usually followed by electroporation, which enhances delivery 1000-fold. Other techniques are also used, such as noninvasive introduction by biojectors, skin applications with plasters and microneedles/chips, sonication, magnetofection, and even tattooing. An intense debate regarding the pros and cons of different routes of delivery is ongoing. A number of studies have compared the effect of delivery methods at the level of immunogen expression, and the magnitude and specificity of the resulting immune response. The progress of research aiming at the optimization of DNA vaccine design, delivery, and immunogenic performance has led to a marked increase in their efficacy in large species and humans. 

Format
  • Hardback
License
© by the authors
Keywords
alphaviruses; layered RNA/DNA vectors; DNA vaccines; RNA replicons; recombinant particles; tumor regression; protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents; ebola virus disease; artificial T-cell antigens; DNA vaccine constructs; computer design; gene expression; immunogenicity; DNA vaccine; mRNA vaccine; plasmid DNA; in vitro transcribed mRNA; immune responses; formulations; Cytolytic T Lymphocytes; antibodies; innate immunity; DNA vaccine; adjuvants; vaccine delivery; plasmid; cytolytic; perforin; bicistronic; HCV; HIV; IL-36; adjuvant; DNA; Zika; Epstein-Barr virus; DNA vaccines; latent proteins; LMP2; EBNA1; LMP1; DNA vaccine; HIV-1; enhancer element; circovirus; immunogenicity; influenza; immunization; intranasal; adjuvant; lipid; flagellin; BCG; HIV; vaccine; rBCG; HTI; T-cell; HIV; AIDS; DNA vaccine; clinical trial; therapeutic vaccine; hepatitis C virus (HCV); mesenchymal stem cells (MSC); modified MSC; DNA immunization; nonstructural HCV proteins; immune response; HCV vaccine; myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs); n/a