**5. Conclusions**

In this paper, we revisit a family of the LBM-based biofilm models chronologically. We present the fundamentals of LBM-based biofilm modeling first and two main integrated approaches: the integrated LBM with CA or IbM. Then, we focus on progresses of LBM-CA and LBM-IbM approaches and their applications. The LBM-based models are very promising to handle complex multilateral interactions which occur in a bioreactor and have successfully simulated many complicated phenomena in the biofilm's dynamics and interactions between biofilm growth and hydrodynamics in different industrial or academic applications. However, long-term challenges exist in modeling biofilms when bridging different spatiotemporal scales, such as multispecies competition and cooperation, community assembly, cell-to-cell signaling, quorum sensing, antimicrobial resistance and cellular motility. Addressing these challenges would inevitably need a combined approach that not only selectively couples multiple relevant models by adding their strengths, but also the incorporation of new findings. LBM-based models doubtlessly offer new ways in understanding the dynamics of biofilms and controlling the biofilm formation and growth in public health, biotechnology and bioengineering and microbiology.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.A.D. and J.W.; methodology, M.A.D.; formal analysis, M.A.D. and J.W.; data curation, M.A.D. and J.W.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.D.; writing—review and editing, M.A.D. and J.W.; supervision, J.W.; project administration, J.W.; funding acquisition, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (No. RGPIN-2019-07071).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
