**5. Conclusions**

Our review identified 11 studies investigating associations between early childhood assessment tools and long-term economic and academic outcomes of interest. Five of these studies were determined to be high-quality and reported mostly statistically significant associations, suggesting that certain child development assessment tools are associated with the long-term outcomes of interest. Given that child development assessment tools were designed to identify children with developmental delay at the time of assessment, our study addresses a key need to characterize the potential for these tools to be sensitive to intervention effects and to potentially predict longer-term outcomes. The high-quality literature reviewed was primarily conducted in high-resource contexts and was relatively sparse; as such, additional prospective studies, engaging large, diverse populations in both high-income and low-and middle-income countries are needed to adequately address remaining gaps in this evidence base.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4 601/18/4/1538/s1, Document S1, Document S2: PubMed, PyscINFO, and ERIC database search strings, Table S1: Child development assessment tools included in search string, Table S2. Details of studies included in the review.

**Author Contributions:** S.P.M.-H. and S.B. conceptualized and designed the study, reviewed, and revised the manuscript. L.N.I.-D., A.K., D.B. and J.S. designed the study, collected the data, carried out the analyses, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. S.E.H. critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content and reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through a grant with the University of Washington Strategic Analysis, Research and Training (START) Center.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not Applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not Applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not Applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** We appreciate the three volunteer neuropsychologists who assisted in domain classification of the childhood development assessment tools of interest: Shannon Lundy, Stephany Cox, and Gina Pfeifle. The majority of the content of this paper was included in some form in a report for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; further refinement of the quality assessment methodology and Discussion section was conducted after the report was delivered.

**Conflicts of Interest:** Sharon Bergquist was employed by and Susanne Martin-Herz was a consultant to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation during the course of the review. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
