*2.2. The Responsive Interactions for Learning Measure, Version for Parents*

The RIFL-P (previously known as Cognitive Sensitivity) is a unidimensional 11-item observational instrument designed to provide a rapid assessment of the extent to which a parent identifies and responds, incorporating sensitivity and stimulation, to the feelings and thoughts of the child with whom they are interacting. The RIFL-P measures three interconnected skills of the caregiver—(i) communicative clarity (providing meaningful verbal/nonverbal inputs to the child and fostering of shared understanding of the goals of the task); (ii) mind-reading (thinking about what the child knows and understands); and (iii) mutuality building (promoting reciprocity)—through a challenging task that elicits cooperation. Assessment uses a thin slice methodology and takes around eight minutes to administer and code (five minutes of observation of interaction, three minutes to code). After watching a 5-min video recording just once, raters apply codes to each of the 11 items using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 ("Not at all true") to 5 ("Very true"). A mean of the 11 items is calculated, yielding a composite score of responsivity that can range from 1 to 5. Currently, the training of RIFL-P raters is completed in less than eight hours through a password-protected, open-source online asynchronous course offered by the University of Toronto, which is available in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Psychometric properties of the original instrument were found to be strong (inter-rater reliability (IRR) was α = 0.84; internal consistency of the scale was α = 0.92) [15]. RIFL scores assessed both for parents and siblings have been found to be associated with contextual risk (inversely), traditional measures of maternal sensitivity, and a range of child outcomes, including receptive vocabulary, executive functioning, theory of mind, and academic achievement [7,15,36].
