*2.3. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria*

Studies were included in this review on the basis of the following criteria: (1) the study was conducted using an experimental or observational design; (2) the study used at least one of the assessment tools in the list with children under the age of 18; (3) the study reported at least one outcome related to educational attainment, academic achievement, or wealth and assessed this outcome after the age of 10 years; educational attainment was defined by the highest-grade level completed at the time of data collection, while academic achievement was defined as performance in one or more subject areas; (4) articles were published in English or French; French-language articles were included in an attempt to ensure inclusion of articles that were conducted in Francophone Africa.

Cross-sectional studies were excluded because the study objective was to identify tools that were associated with long-term academic and socioeconomic outcomes. Studies conducted with children who were hospitalized or had severe neurologic injuries, genetic conditions, or autism spectrum disorder were excluded, because the use of a tool in such a sample could not easily be generalizable to the larger pediatric population. The age of 10 was chosen as a lower bound for long-term outcomes due to concern that children in some low-and middle-income countries may terminate formal schooling near this age. There were no exclusion criteria related to the length of time between tool assessment and outcome evaluation or the specific geographic location. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria can be found in the study's PROPSERO preregistration.

#### *2.4. Research Processes*

Title and abstract screening were completed for all identified studies independently by two reviewers (LNID and AK), and discordance was resolved by a third reviewer (JS). Full text screening was also completed by two reviewers (LNID and AK), with discordance resolved by a third reviewer (DB). For studies excluded by full-text review, reviewers selected one primary reason for exclusion, and discordance in study exclusion rationale was resolved by a third reviewer (JS). The exclusion hierarchy was as follows, in order of priority: outcome not of interest, cross-sectional study design, outcome assessed at younger than 10 years of age, population with medical/developmental condition, assessment tool not on list. A PRISMA flowchart is provided in Figure 1.

In addition to this structured search, targeted searching was conducted in two ways. First, publications identified from a list of cohort studies recommended by subject matter experts (SMH and SB) were evaluated for their adherence to study inclusion criteria [13–16]. Second, an additional search using cohort studies identified during the initial stages of the title and abstract screening process was undertaken, and three potentially relevant studies were added to the total pool for title and abstract screening (additional studies identified through other sources in Figure 1). These additional steps were taken in an effort to broaden the scope of the review in the event that the search terms missed relevant studies.
