*2.3. Phase 1: Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the RIFL-P*

Phase 1 was the cross-cultural adaptation of the RIFL-P from the source to the target language. Prior to conducting this phase, written permission from the developers of the original measure was obtained. A well-established method [19,37] was used for this phase, based on six steps (see Figure 1) that maximize the level of semantic, idiomatic, conceptual, and experiential equivalence achieved between the original and adapted versions of the instrument.

At the end of each step, a written report and/or an updated version of the instrument were produced and used to guide the next step. The focus groups and the formation of an expert committee ensured conceptual and functional content validity [38]. The first author (AS) coordinated the two 2-h group sessions with nine and eight participants each. Participants were asked to read and discuss all the items in the scale, the response options, and the extent to which the wording was clear and comprehensible. They collectively rated the comprehensibility of the scale on a three-point scale. They were asked to consider whether the items were representative of the parenting of Brazilian parents and to raise any other important aspects of parenting that came to mind. Back translation was elaborated with a double purpose, i.e., highlighting translation deficiencies and allowing for review of possible cultural differences by the original developers. Back translation is viewed as an additional quality control check [19,39]. It is also essential in a cross-cultural adaptation of an observational measure to contextualize the coding in the new culture [32], as described below.

**Figure 1.** Step sequence for the cross-cultural adaptation process—the Brazilian Portuguese version of the RIFL-P measure (adapted from Beaton et al. [19]).

### *2.4. Phase 2: Testing the New Measure*

This phase included the collection and analysis of 155 videos of mother–child interaction. This phase had two components: Coder Training and Full Psychometrics. The purpose of Coder Training was to train the second coder in the reliability criteria and to elaborate the coder manual (for future training of coders) with specific information about the Brazilian context and parenting. This was done with the first 39 dyads from the full sample. The purpose of the Full Psychometrics component was to establish the reliability and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese RIFL-P measure (namely, *Interações Responsivas para a Aprendizagem*).
