**3. Results**

Complete data were available for 269 children (Table 1): 97 in Brazil, 77 in Malawi (due to issues with the tablets not functioning appropriately and not saving data) and 95 in Pakistan (Figure 1). Recruitment was generally high in all locations, was always during working hours and was not problematic. Most caregivers consented to their children being included in the study; however, 5 of the 105 caregivers consented but were unable to be assessed in Brazil due to lack of time. In Pakistan, there were no refusals during recruitment. The Pakistan team in particular found recruitment easy as data collectors were from the same community, they spoke the same language and they already had a strong relationship with the community. Similarly, the staff from Malawi College of Medicine worked closely with the health surveillance teams in the local health centers, where recruitment for studies is common and with most parents willing to take part. Only eight (2.7 %) of all children approached did not meet stringent criteria of having a MUAC greater than 12.5 cm (two from Pakistan and six from Malawi). Seventeen children in Malawi and three from Brazil had missing data on developmental milestones, mainly due to issues with the tablets not functioning, missing birth date data and problems uploading data properly. There were low proportions of missing data (0–2%) for maternal education (5), sex (1), urban/rural (6), FCI score (6) and SES (6) and slightly higher numbers for HAZ (29), WAZ (23) and WHZ (29) (9–11%). Missing data were imputed for all covariates.


**Table 1.** Table of children recruited and included in the validation of the Indicators of Young Child Development (IYCD).
