**9. Nutritional Guidelines and Consumer Expectations**

Nutritional guidelines around the world come in many different formats, illustrated as pyramids, pie charts, text and tables, yet they are similar in terms of content [38]. Despite the wide spectrum of shapes representing food guides from around the globe, these guides use very similar methods in presenting their concepts of the ideal dietary pattern [39]. Each of these guidelines gives consumers a selection of recommended food choices (food groups) as well as a recommended daily amounts that consumers should ingest to maintain optimum health [40].

The present short review tries to provide some insights into the existing regulatory framework of Food Safety Management of some of the world's economies. Although these systems do not only differ significantly with regard to their legal culture (traditional) and legal historical background, there is a strong variation of their socio-cultural background and traditions. For now, one must exclude fermented fish from Food Guides since in parts of China an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was recorded in habitual consumers of fermented fish sauce [41] or high levels of histamine, as demonstrated in Egypt [42].

Contrary to European and USA legal systems, which are relatively young, China's legal system knows a long history that can be traced back to 563 BC based on morality. On April, 2015, the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress revised the 2009 Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China (Food Safety Law). The revised law came into effect on October 2015. 

European Law itself is not a national legal system as Chinese Law is. Neither does it relate to a common federal law system such as in the USA. In Europe, each country has its own national legal system. In practice, discrepancies in food safety incident response can be identified in the way these legal systems deal with food safety incidents, and, as a result, in the development, design and characteristics of the regulatory framework at stake.

In general, the approach of the legal systems is broadly consistent with the assessed International (FAO/WHO) framework channeled through the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) in their work to develop international food standards and guidelines [43].

Europe's food safety policy is characterized by its legal embedded preventive approach [44]. Moreover, another interesting aspect that should be taken into account in the matter of legal culture in relation to Europe is the concept of "cultural pluralism" and the characterizations thereof in the field of Food Safety Law. The "International Commission for Research into European Food History" was founded in Germany in 1989, and it deals with the history of food and nutrition in Europe since the late eighteenth century [45].

In Russia, there are "Requirements for Ferments and Enzyme Preparations" (article 12) and "Requirements as to Facilities for Ferment and Probiotic Microorganism Production" (articles 13 and 26) within a very comprehensive Federal Law [46], where the need of Fermented Food for Mandatory Certification of ready to use foods or Conformity Declaration of raw materials is clear.
