**1. Introduction**

Today, the world population is drastically increasing, hence the consumption of electrical energy is increasing accordingly. Since 75% of people are residents of the metropolitan areas and 25% of people live in remote villages, the majority of the power supplied to these areas is generated using fossil fuels rather than the renewable energy sources. Hence, the usage of fossil fuelswill result in 60% environmental depletion. Today, many countries have started to generate power through non-conventional energy sources compared to conventional energy sources. Considerable investments

in distributed energy resources have taken place even during and after the financial crisis affecting the world economy from 2008 to 2012. As per an international energy agency report on world energy investment in 2017, China, the United States, Europe, India, Russia, and South Africa have invested a considerable amount to harvest renewable energies in comparison to other countries [1]. According to the international energy investment report [2], many countries have started investing much in solar and wind rather than other renewable energy sources.

The best solution to overcome environmental depletion is by harvesting a renewable energy–sourced microgrid. Most of the non-conventional energy sources are synchronized with the utility or load through power converter interfaces, which constitutes a microgrid. Microgrids are sub-categorized into three types: AC, DC, and hybrid [3]. AC microgrids have the benefit of using power from the utility.However, an AC microgrid needs a relatively complex controller for synchronizing the system and importing and exporting power while maintaining system stability. The DC microgrid has certain advantages with many features. On the generation side, some of the renewable energy sources, generating power in a DC microgrid include fuel cells and photovoltaic and storage systems, whereas on the load side, modern electronic loads like computers, telephone base stations, vehicle charging stations, and telecommunication applications require DC power. Both the AC and DC loads will be fulfilled by a hybrid microgrid. The main advantage of a microgrid is having a less transmission loss, electrification of remote villages, improving power system stability by supporting reactive power balance in the utility grid, and high reliability with energy storage devices to sustain power balance among the generation and demand. The total energy conversion loss of AC to DC to supply DC loads is approximately 10–25% [4,5]. To resolve this issue, the DC microgrid feeds the load directly, which will reduce the conversion loss [6,7]. For remote village communities, the DC microgrid is the most preferred power supplying utility because the main utility grid may not electrify these village communities because of transmission issues. Therefore, the residential, lighting and commercial loads will be met by the DC microgrid with the help of a battery [8–11]. The battery energy storage system will be important in the DC microgrid because the batteries are charged during non-peak load condition and discharged during peak load condition with some fluctuations in the power generated by the renewable energy sources [11–14]. There are several research areas on the subject of the microgrid, of which the demand side management (DSM) is the main focus area. It will adjust the demand with respect to the consumers' requirements with respect to time (kW/h). Therefore, the utility can reduce the peak load and reduce congestion in the system.

This system will decrease the difference between the peak load and total generation at peak time periods [15–17]. The transition from a minimum load to maximum load approachingthe compress load curve is a great advantage of demand-side management in microgrid applications. The energy storage has different ramp rates, which are used to reduce the deviation in the voltage and improve stability [15]. Biomass is one of the non-conventional energy sources that generate power in small capacity and that is also integrated into the DC microgrid to supply power to remote communities [16]. However, by integrating the various sources into the grid, protection has to be considered for the DC microgrid, which is discussed in [17,18]. The depth penetration of renewable energy sources into the microgrid and EMS when considering the intermittent of photovoltaic systems is proposed in [19,20]. The main control function of EMS in any DC microgrid structure is to handle the load–power balancing. It should be reliable and cost-effective based on the power obtained from the distributed generation [18–20]. A conventional EMS has some ability to meet the above-mentioned problems for the DC microgrid structure. A rural community microgrid design and a review of the various architectures in some countries are discussed in [21,22]. Power quality is one of the issues in hybrid and AC microgrids [21–26]. This research work will focus on the EMS for a DC microgrid to supply remote village communities. The proposed EMS overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional system by load–power balancing between each source (renewable and storage) in a DC microgrid for dynamic load variation and reduces the consumption of non-conventional energy sources (such as a diesel generator). The general concept of the microgrid, the load profile of the

village communities, and the functional block diagram of the proposed DC microgrid are discussed in Section 2. In Section 3, the mathematical modeling of different renewable energy sources is discussed. In Section 4, the proposed EMS is discussed. The simulation studies and experimental results are discussed in Sections 5 and 6. Finally, the DC microgrid system is concluded in Section 7.
