**3. Mathematical Modeling of ProposedDC Architecture**

The proposed DC microgrid consists of four different sources (PV, wind, fuel cell, and battery). The PV power mainly depends upon solar irradiance and the ambient temperature. Wind power depends on wind velocity. PMSG is used to generate electrical power from the turbine. Wind power is interconnected to the DC microgrid by the AC/DC converter. Fuel cell power depends upon parameters such as distribution, flow rate, partial pressure of fuel cell gases, and the required number of stack cells. Mathematical modeling of each source is briefly discussed in this section.
