*3.5. Data Analysis*

Detailed anonymized field notes of observations were analyzed deductively, by researchers K.v.d.W. and M.H., using a theoretical and hermeneutical framework for studying ritual, based on models from Ronald Grimes (2014) and Catherine Bell (Bell 1997). The framework consists of elements, qualities and functions that can make up a ritual. Different types of practices taking place during interactions between doctors/nurses and patients/relatives were analyzed by identifying if and how ritual elements, characteristics and functions were present in the situation. See Table 1 for the framework for analysis.



Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the anonymized interview transcripts by researcher K.v.d.W. Open coding was the first step in the process of analysis. The initial codes were then clustered into groups. Themes were then ascribed to the different clusters of codes. The principle of constant comparison was used during the process of analysis. The process of analysis was monitored by researchers M.T., M.H. and A.v.d.H. by periodically discussing and reflecting on the evolving codes and themes.

## **4. Findings**
