*4.2. Experimental Status Epilepticus*

The animal model of experimental status epilepticus that we used was well established previously [5,26,44]. Briefly, a stereotaxic headholder (Kopf, Tujunga, CA, USA) was used to fix the head of animals after they inhaled 3% of isoflurane for anesthesia, and the body temperature of animals was maintained at 37 ◦C by heating pads. KA (0.5 nmol; Tocris Cookson, Bristol, UK) dissolved in PBS (0.1 M, pH 7.4) was stereotaxically microinjected into the CA3 left hippocampal subfield (3.3–3.8 mm below the cortical surface, 2.4–2.7 mm from the midline, and 3.2–3.5 mm posterior to bregma) [5,26,44]. Microinjection of KA into the left hippocampal CA3 region caused progressive and accompanying augmented seizure-like hippocampal electroencephalographic (hEEG) activity that was routinely detected from the right hippocampal CA3 [83–85]. We therefore observed the seizure activity (right side hEEG) for 60 min, and then the seizure activities were terminated by diazepam (30 mg/kg, i.p.) [5,26]. To avoid post-surgical infection, sodium penicillin (10,000 IU; YF Chemical Corp., New Taipei City, Taiwan) was given intramuscularly. The animals were returned to the recovery room in individual cages. Animals with anesthesia and surgical preparations without additional experimental manipulations served as controls. The experimental schemes as the following Figure 10.



**Figure 10.** Two experimental schemes which included pharmacological pretreatment of resveratrol and gene knockdown by siRNA against *pgc-1*α following status epilepticus.

## *4.3. Pharmacological Pretreatments*

The test agent included resveratrol (R5010, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) [26,86], a PGC-1α activator, that was microinjected bilaterally and sequentially into the bilateral hippocampal CA3 areas [26]. The dose of resveratrol used was 100 μmol dissolved in 3% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (D5879, Sigma-Aldrich) as in our previous reports [26,41], at a volume of 150 nL on each side. Rats receiving microinjections of DMSO (3%) were used for the volume and vehicle controls. Each rat received only a single pharmacological pretreatment to prevent the confounding effects of drug–drug interactions 30 min before administration of KA (0.5 nmol) or PBS into the left hippocampal CA3 subfield.
