*1.3. Functions of VEGF*

Throughout this review, we will refer to the VEGF-A 165 isoform, which is the one that exerts direct trophic and neuroprotective effects on many types of neural cells [22], including motoneurons [5,23], astroglia [24], microglia [25], hippocampal, dopaminergic, cortical, cerebellar, sympathetic neurons, and even muscle satellite cells [16,26–32].

Furthermore, this trophic factor plays a fundamental role in stimulating neurogenesis in both developing and adult CNS [16], promoting Schwann cells' proliferation [27]. It also supports synaptic plasticity [33] and favors the growth, survival, differentiation, and migration of neuronal and glial cells [20,34]. Additionally, VEGF guarantees an optimal blood and glucose supply to the brain and spinal cord [5], protecting motoneurons from oxidative stress [35], hypoxia, hypoglycemia [23], and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity [29,36–39].

VEGF is also a potent inducer of the blood-brain barrier's interruption by increasing its permeability and favoring the supply of oxygen and nutrients to neurons [34,40]. This trophic factor is involved in vasculogenesis during embryological development and promoting angiogenesis in many pathological conditions, such as tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy [4].
