*4.13. Statistical Analysis*

We conducted nonparametric testing to confirm any statistical significance between the experimental groups. Data were analyzed using the Bonferroni post-hoc test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was employed to compare among the four groups. For comparison across two groups, data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitey U test. Data are displayed as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance is described as *p* < 0.05.
