**6. Conclusions**

In summary, we have discussed various nanoparticle-based formulations and cell-based platforms used in treating ischemic stroke. It is essential to understand the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and how nanoparticles interact with ischemic tissues. The fundamental question on how nanoparticles transport therapeutics across BBB is yet to be addressed, and advances in design and synthesis of nanoparticles and novel in vivo imaging systems (such as intravital microscopy) may address this question. The development of new drugs and novel nanoparticle-based therapeutics will improve the outcomes in treating ischemic stroke patients.

**Author Contributions:** X.D. was involved in literature review, writing the original draft and editing. J.G. was involved in figure creation and editing. Y.S. was involved in literature review and editing. Z.W. was involved in writing, editing, supervision and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by National Institute of Health, RO1GM116823 and RO1EB027078 to Z.W.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
