*2.1. Materials*

Twill weave cotton fabric with the following specifications was procured commercially: the weight was 280 g m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> and the density was 20 ends cm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> in the warp direction and 14 picks cm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> in the weft direction. The fabric was additionally treated with sodium hydroxide to remove hydrophobic compounds from the fiber surfaces. Analytical grade chemicals purchased from Sigma Aldrich were used for all experiments without further purification: Bis [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] phosphate, molecular weight of 322.25 g/mol, and acrylic acid, molecular weight of 102.13 g/mol. Non-ionic low-sudsing detergent was kindly provided by S2C Company.
