**5. Conclusions**

In the present investigation, we revisited the e ffect of di fferent types of CRGs on the LPS-induced intoxication of animals by the degree of variability of biochemical and pathological parameters to those most adequately responding to any valid stressor, including bacterial endotoxin. The data demonstrate that endotoxemia induced by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial LPS was less pronounced in the mice that received CRGs. --, κ- and κ/β-CRGs increasing the resistance of the host organism to bacterial LPS are more active than λ-CRG, which has a high degree of sulfation and does not form a three-dimensional structure. LPS morphology is significantly changed under the action of the polysaccharide. According to AFM data, LPS is embedded in the three-dimensional structure of κand κ/β-CRGs, which probably contributes to a greater screening of its toxicity. The host resistance to endotoxin, induced by CRGs, can be caused by its e ffect on the macromolecular structure of LPS as well as the modulation of cytokine production of the organism by polysaccharide action.

We investigated the therapeutic e ffect of CRG in complex therapy of patients with enteric infections of Salmonella etiology. Our results show that the application of food supplement Carrageenan-FE in the standard therapy of toxicoinfections contributes to the correction of hemostasis and corrected some biochemical indicators and parameters of the immune system of the patient organism more actively in comparison with a control.

The results of our study reveal the potential application of CRG for treatment of Gram-negative infections associated with the accumulation of endotoxin in an organism.

**Author Contributions:** I.M.Y. conceived, designed, and summarized the work and wrote the manuscript; A.V.V. conducted experiments, described AFM data, and helped with formalization of manuscript; E.I.K. conducted work with animals and analyzed and described the data of this experiment; E.A.C. helped to produce and discuss AFM data; D.L.G. participated in the discussion of AFM data; V.N.D. conducted the experiments in vitro; A.O.K. isolated of carrageenans; T.F.S. participated in the discussion; and V.V.M. led medical research. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
