*2.4. Cooperative Governance*

Governance refers to processes and structures in public decision making and may involve the participation of multiple agents, such as governments, corporations, and the public, with the aim of carrying out a public purpose that cannot be accomplished by single force [49]. Cooperative governance is not limited to formal government-initiated arrangements, but involves diverse kinds of multi-partner governance related to a wide range of fields [49]. For example, because of the production of pollution, enterprises take the greatest responsibility for environment contamination control. However, as it is di fficult for governance goals to be achieved through the actions of a single enterprise, so governance among enterprises is indispensable [50]. With regard to cooperative governance among governments, Zhang et al. find that superior governmen<sup>t</sup> should supervise heterogeneous local governments and increase penalties for non-cooperative parties to improve the e fficiency of haze pollution control [51]. Further, cooperative governance can provide guidance for participatory governance by the public [4]. Studies of cooperative governance involving public participation have focused on environmental governance and sustainable development. When making local energy decisions, local governments should be given more autonomy and su fficient capacity to strengthen public participation. What is more, public opinion ought to be taken into consideration when developing policy [52]. Studies show that policy-making style presents convergence to the cooperation among government, public and non-profit organizations. As the governmen<sup>t</sup> may lack the necessary resources to deal with issues, they rely on other subjects to provide support to ensure policy utility [53].

To summarize, there are several problems needing to be solved: First, research on public voice is not mature and more studies are needed to clarify its antecedents as well as its e ffects on policy implementation and social development. Second, it is undeniable that the public plays a crucial role in environmental governance, but the role of public voice behavior in policy-making and implementation under public health emergencies is still unclear. Third, the role played by public voice in cooperative governance and how this happens deserve exploration.
