**The E** ff**ect of Water Transfer during Non-growing Season on the Wetland Ecosystem via Surface and Groundwater Interactions in Arid Northwestern China**

#### **Shufeng Qiao, Rui Ma \*, Ziyong Sun, Mengyan Ge, Jianwei Bu, Junyou Wang, Zheng Wang and Han Nie**

School of Environmental Studies and MOE Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; sqiao@cug.edu.cn (S.Q.); ziyong.sun@cug.edu.cn (Z.S.); myge@cug.edu.cn (M.G.); jwbu@cug.edu.cn (J.B.); jywang@cug.edu.cn (J.W.); wangzheng@cug.edu.cn (Z.W.); niehan1997@cug.edu.cn (H.N.)

**\*** Correspondence: rma@cug.edu.cn

Received: 23 June 2020; Accepted: 3 August 2020; Published: 5 August 2020

**Abstract:** The use of ecological water transfer to maintain the ecological environment in arid or semiarid regions has become an important means of human intervention to alleviate vegetation ecosystem degradation in arid and semiarid areas. The water transfer to downstream in a catchment is often carried out during the non-growing season, due to the competitive water use between the upper and middle reaches and lower reaches of rivers. However, the impacts and mechanism of artificial water transfer on vegetation and wetland ecosystem restoration have not been thoroughly investigated, especially in northwest China. Taking the Qingtu Lake wetland system in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River Catchment as the study area, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution surface area of Qingtu Lake and the surrounding vegetation coverage before and after water transfer, by interpreting remote sensing data, the variation of water content in the vadose zone, and the groundwater level by obtaining field monitoring data, as well as the correlation between the water body area of Qingtu Lake and the highest vegetation coverage area in the following year. The conclusion is that there is a positive correlation between the water body area of Qingtu Lake in autumn and the vegetation coverage in each fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) interval in the next summer, especially in terms of the FVC of 30–50%. The groundwater level and soil water content increase after water transfer and remain relatively high for the following months, which suggests that transferred water from upstream can be stored as groundwater or soil water in the subsurface through surface water and subsurface water interaction. These water sources can provide water for the vegetation growth the next spring, or support plants in the summer.

**Keywords:** ecological water transfer; wetland vegetation ecosystem; surface and groundwater interaction; northwestern China; remote sensing
