**3. Results and Discussion**

*3.1. Identified Social Barriers to GSI Implementation*

The barriers to GSI have been studied by numerous international research teams, ranging from individual perceptions and attitudes, financial burdens, resource allocations, and governance rigidity to conflicts across institutions [45,67,79,83–86]. Barriers originating from social factors may be harder to address, as the values of which are usually difficult to quantify ye<sup>t</sup> should not be overlooked [55,58,65]. Barriers primarily identified as associated with social factors, in terms of their potential influence on the implementation of GSI, are

attributed to three main categories from the literature. They mostly cover governance discord, public participation, and demographic constraints (Table 1). Governance refers to the inconsistent strategies among or within governance entities; public participation refers to the involvement of the public in the decision-making of GSI regulations and collaborations; and demographic constraints refers to the general demographic factors, social norms, and perceived environmental concerns. However, there always is a possibility of unrecognized social factors in the published studies. For example, though not directly addressing the issues in stormwater managemen<sup>t</sup> adaptation, a study brought forth the dilemma in regenerating historical cities of which preserving the historical cores were paramount [87]. It is thinkable that advancing GSI in such areas may encompass greater complexities than others. Additionally, the underlying interrelations across infrastructure sectors and even industries are also likely to influence sustainable decision-making in general [88,89].

**Table 1.** Relevant social factors that could influence the implementation of GSI in the US.


