**2. Materials and Methods**

A literature review was conducted on two main topics in this study using a combination of platforms, including literature search engine Web of Science (WoS) and relevant referenced articles in the papers collected through the means mentioned above. Firstly, studies that were conducted to understand the restraints to wider/efficient/effective GSI adoption were examined. Reported barriers to GSI implementation that may link to social factors in the literature were identified using the search terms: 'social', 'barrier\* OR challenge\* OR difficult\*', 'stormwater OR storm water', and 'infrastructure' as the primary screening criteria. Only peer-reviewed papers written in English published between 1900 to 2020 were considered. Seven records were first excluded prior to the screening due to lack of access to the full text. Four book chapters and 20 articles that were not directly relevant to the social barriers in GSI were eliminated. Finally, because the social context that could contribute to barriers that are dependent on local governmental regulations and governance practices [48,64,78] and socio-ecological context [64,79], the records that did not explicitly study the social barriers in the US were excluded from the final results. As a result, the search within the scope of this study yielded 34 papers in total (Figure 1). The final results are further divided into two groups, where one (20) is the collection of empirical-based studies that examined the barriers, and another (14) is the collection of studies that developed qualitative frameworks to incorporate social factors to reduce such barriers as decision support tools (the works focused solely on qualitative post-construction performance evaluations were excluded). Note that analytical simulation-based works found through this search were rearranged to the second part of the review. These barriers were reviewed through the concepts of cognitive biases proposed by Haselton, et al. [80]: Biases resulted from heuristics, artifacts, and error management.

In their article, Bukszar Jr [81] provided strong evidence that failing to address cognitive biases among decision-makers can cause strategic heuristics and biases, thus hampering the strategy's adaptability. They argued for the need for a higher capability to accommodate such cognitive biases for greater strategy success. Thus, the second part of this review was conducted using the same search platforms of records written in English and published between 1900 and 2020 to evaluate the potential applicability of ABM in addressing the issues studied in the first review topic. Due to the limited studies conducted within stormwater management, research that analyzed innovation diffusion in water infrastructure, in general, were also considered in this review. Thus, a total of 10 results were finalized (Figure 2). The key search terms used were 'agent based OR agent-based', 'infrastructure', 'perception\* OR cogniti\*', 'model\*', and 'water'. This yielded 6 outcomes with 11 additional articles from external references. Additionally, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) was employed due to its particular research focus on computational simulations using a combination of key search terms of 'water', 'infrastructure', 'percept\*', 'cogniti\*', and 'agent-based'. It yielded 34 additional results. One record was eliminated from the WoS results because it was a conference proceeding. A total of 38 additional studies were excluded after abstract screening because they were not directly relevant to the interpretation of cognitive biases or perceptions of innovative water managemen<sup>t</sup> strategies simulated through ABM. It was noted that all search outcomes from IEEE were not within the scope of the search objectives for this review.

**Figure 1.** Flow diagram of the search results of the first topic following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol [82].

**Figure 2.** Flow diagram of the search results of the second topic following the PRISMA protocol [82].
