*5.1. Ashes*

Mineral content is sometimes expressed as the ash content, which is the inorganic residue that remains after the incineration of the plant tissues. Almond kernels contain approximately 3 g ash/100 g of fresh weight [74,75]. These values may vary depending on the study considered (Table 2), between 2.3% [9] and 5.0% [51].


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The sum of mineral elements is sensibly lower than the ash content, with percentages around 60%, which is fundamentally explained because the oxygen associated with these minerals is not counted in the ashes obtained by calcination [15]. According to Esteban [18], the percentge of all minerals, excluding nitrogen, represents between 51.3% and 55.2% of total ash content.
