**Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems**

Editors

**St ´ephane Gu ´edron Dario Acha**

MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin

*Editors* Stephane Gu ´ edron ´ University Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre France

Dario Acha Unidad de Calidad Ambiental (UCA)—Instituto de Ecolog´ıa—Universidad Mayor de San Andres, ´ Campus Universitario de Cota Cota Bolivia

*Editorial Office* MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland

This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal *Applied Sciences* (ISSN 2076-3417) (available at: http://www.mdpi.com).

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LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. *Journal Name* **Year**, *Volume Number*, Page Range.

**ISBN 978-3-0365-2153-4 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-2154-1 (PDF)**

Cover image courtesy of Stephane Gu ´ edron ´

© 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

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### **Contents**


**Ewan Couic, Vanessa Alphonse, Alexandre Livet, St´ephanie Giusti-Miller and Noureddine Bousserrhine** Influence of Ecological Restoration on Mercury Mobility and Microbial Activities on Former Guyanese Mining Sites Reprinted from: *Appl. Sci.* **2021**, *11*, 2231, doi:10.3390/app11052231 ................. **127**

### **About the Editors**

**St ´ephane Gu ´edron** has been a researcher in geochemistry and paleoenvironmental studies at the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) within the Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTerre) at University Grenoble-Alpes, France, since 2011. In 2008, he obtained his PhD degree in environmental geochemistry at Grenoble University, France. Within his research, he has studied topics in the fields of the bio-geochemistry of metallic contaminants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, stable isotopes, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions using sediment archives. In addition to this, he has authored 51 peer review publications, and regularly supervises PhD, MSc and undergraduate students, as well as engineer staff in the field and laboratory.

**Dario Acha**, Ph.D. has been a professor at the Institute of Ecology (IE)—Biology Department, Universidad Mayor de San Andres (UMSA) since 2010. He obtained his Ph.D. in Environmental ´ and Life Sciences from Trent University, Ontario, Canada. His research predominantly focuses on understanding the role that microorganisms and biota in general play in the biochemical cycle of contaminants (Hg, S, As, C, N, and P) and natural elements in aquatic environments. He also aims to provide research that contributes to the understanding of how global change influences biogeochemical cycles. Recently, his work is slowly moving towards bioremediation, and its potential role in solving metal pollution and eutrophication. He has previously worked in boreal lakes and tropical lowlands; however, his current research surrounds the tropical highlands and endorheic systems. He has co-authored 25 peer-reviewed publications, and supervises M.Sc. and undergraduate theses.

### *Editorial* **Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems**

**Stéphane Guédron 1,\* and Dario Acha 2,\***


In 2017, 128 countries signed the Minamata Convention on Mercury (Hg) to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. Although Hg naturally occurs at a global scale, anthropogenic releases of Hg affect its natural biogeochemical cycle. Since the industrial revolution, anthropogenic pressure and Hg contamination have risen, affecting natural ecosystems (e.g., lake eutrophication, deforestation, mining, and climate change) and urban areas (wastewaters, atmospheric emissions, and industrial discharges). Consequently, it has resulted in a general increase in Hg levels in all components of ecosystems, particularly in Hg bioaccumulation in trophic chains, mostly as methylmercury (MeHg). However, Hg and MeHg impacts are dependent on a large variety of abiotic and biotic factors with complex interactions among them, which often results in locally specific responses that we are still trying to understand.

Identifying sources, magnitude, pathways, and mechanisms of Hg and MeHg contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments is crucial to determine and predict future impacts of this contaminant in the environment. It is also difficult to predict the risks and the Hg toxicity for wildlife and humans. The identification of processes driving Hg release from current and historical sources, key transformations (i.e., methylation/demethylation), and Hg accumulation in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem is still challenging to assess. These interconnected processes can affect both natural (temperate and extreme) and anthropogenic (urban, agricultural, and mining) areas at various spatial and temporal scales.

Nine articles were accepted following the October 2019 call for a Special Issue (SI) on "Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems", announced at the 14th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant—Krakow, Poland (8–13 September 2019). They present a diverse but coherent collection that endeavors to identify the historical evolution of Hg and MeHg levels in aquatic environments and to evaluate the impact of human activities, in particular mining, on receptor ecosystems and food chains.

The need to evaluate the evolution of mercury and methylmercury contamination from historical to modern times is a key to assessing the impact of global regulations and to predicting future trends. Various approaches are presented in this SI, including fossils or modern organisms as bioindicators of trophic contamination. Using Hg levels in the hair of prehistorical animals, Eyrikh et al. [1] showed the first evidence of natural changes in environmental Hg level at the paleoscale (45 to 10 ka yr BP) suggested to be driven by high dust loads in cold periods and thawing permafrost in warm climatic periods. Cossa and Tabard [2] used marine mussels (*Mytilus* spp.) as sentinel organisms to monitor Hg contamination along the Canadian marine coast for the past 40 years. They show that, despite a decrease in Hg concentrations in the Atlantic Ocean's marine waters during the last decades, the difference in two mussels watch surveys between 2016–2019 and 1977–1979 were not significant. Consequently, they suggest rivers as the main Hg

**Citation:** Guédron, S.; Acha, D. Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. *Appl. Sci.* **2021**, *11*, 4807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ app11114807

Received: 14 April 2021 Accepted: 17 May 2021 Published: 24 May 2021

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**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

source in such estuarine systems. In contrast, in the United States and Canadian Lakes, Brigham et al. [3] showed that regional- to continental-scale decreases in both mercury and sulfate emissions have benefitted aquatic resources, even in the face of global increases in mercury emissions. In long-term biomonitoring of three lakes, the authors found a decline in aqueous MeHg, whereas biotic THg concentrations declined significantly in only one lake. Overall, these studies also show the complexity and mosaic-like characteristics of Hg pollution at the regional to the global scales, underling the need for further local research and tools to understand the global picture better.

Simultaneously monitoring MeHg pollution and its potential toxicity to biota also remains a significant challenge. Evaluating the stress of local biota related to MeHg requires a complex analysis of bioavailability, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and physiological characteristics of organisms. Even doing this makes it difficult to establish a clear relation between MeHg concentrations and any negative effect on biota. Furthermore, it is challenging to assess MeHg toxicity in the frequent presence of other co-occurring stressors with the potential for synergic or antagonist effects. Ecotoxicological studies offer feasible alternatives to address this complex issue. A good example is how the toxicity of methylmercury to loggerhead turtles was evaluated by Hernández-Fernández et al. [4] using the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) as biomarkers of environmental pollution and oxidative stress.

Another major issue in the anthropogenic perturbation of the Hg biogeochemical cycle is assessing the impact of historical and current gold mining activities. Historical mining activities are still sources of Hg for downstream ecosystems. Samaniego et al. [5] show evidence of the persistent contamination of abandoned and inactive mines in the Philippines, even 50 to 70 years later, releasing high amounts of Hg into riverine and marine environments. In current alluvial gold mines of the Amazon region, Guzmán-Uria et al. [6] highlight the impact of soil degradation on the Hg release into downstream hydrosystems. Hellal et al. [7] demonstrate that particulate Hg and MeHg transport rises downstream from gold mine sites, with the highest emissions during high water regimes (rainy season). In contrast, the highest releases of dissolved MeHg (up to 30% of THg) occur mainly during low water regimes. In downstream receptacle aquatic ecosystems, the methylation of accumulated Hg is generally enhanced. Guédron et al. [8] show that, in mine-impacted high-altitude aquatic ecosystems of the Andes, the production and release of MeHg is driven by sediment effluxes to the water column and diel redox oscillations. Finally, they highlight that, although MMHg loading from the PW to the SW is large, MMHg photodegradation and demethylation by microorganisms control net MMHg accumulation in the water column.

These studies converge toward the idea that, even though Hg is banned, current gold-mining practices still release natural Hg that, added to the Hg inherited from older and modern mining practices, impact downstream ecosystems. The improvement of mining practices is thus key to regulating and mitigating these Hg emissions. Indeed, Couic et al. [9] demonstrate that recent rehabilitation efforts in French Guyana's mining sites show promising results that depend on the type of ecological rehabilitation protocols. They demonstrate that specific plant species (e.g., fabaceous species) positively affect soil quality that can significantly reduce mercury mobility and toxicity.

#### **References**


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