4.1.3. Effects on Behavior

Behavioral alterations were first reported in adult individuals of the triatomine *T. infestans* by Galvani et al. [84]. The injection of a lethal dose of Jaburetox that would eventually kill the insects within 18 h, led to early transient symptoms that included paralysis of the legs, proboscis extension and abnormal movements of the antennae. In fact, those findings pointed out to neurotoxicity, a phenomenon which was later on confirmed by diverse approaches and ascribed, at least in part, to alterations of the nitrinergic system in the central nervous system of this species [84]. In the case of the cockroach *N. cinerea* [85], the locomotor behavior was also altered after Jaburetox injection, and adult insects exhibited a significant decrease in the travelled distance accompanied by a corresponding increase in the stopping time. The leg and antenna grooming activities were also modified, with significant increments upon injection. These and other toxic effects were attributed to an initial activation of voltage-gated sodium channels [85].
