**3. Results**

#### *3.1. Results of 6 Pass Rolling*

Figure 1 depicts the optical micrographs of one UD and CR sample. It can be seen that the both rolling types resulted in elongated grains and notable di fferences cannot be observed.

**Figure 1.** Optical microscope images of the (**a**) UD (A5) and (**b**) CR (A4K) samples.

Figure 2 shows the recalculated {200} pole figures of the UD and CR samples rolled in 6 passes. It can be seen that the pole figures of the UD samples (Figure 2a,c,e) exhibit two-fold symmetry, while those of the CR samples (Figure 2b,d,f) exhibit four-fold symmetry.

(**c**)

(**b**)

**Figure 2.** Recalculated {200} pole figures of the samples cold-rolled in 6 steps. (**a**) A1; (**b**) A3K; (**c**) A5; (**d**) A4K; (**e**) A6; (**f**) A9K.

In Figure 3, the cup heights of the samples rolled in 6 passes are summarized. Figure 3a shows the predicted relative cup heights (weighted {200} intensities) versus PHI for the UD samples and Figure 3b for the CR samples. Figure 3c,d show measured cup heights for the UD and CR samples, respectively. For both UD and CR samples, ears appear in the 45◦ + (n × 90◦) directions on the predicted and measured cup height diagrams as well. Accordingly, rolling earing is observed after both UD and CR. It is evident that the positions of ears can be recognized more easily on the predicted relative cup height diagrams. However, based on these diagrams, it is quite difficult to tell which rolling mode resulted in larger earing. It is also worth noting that on the predicted relative cup height diagrams, small peaks are present in the 0◦ + (n × 90◦) directions as well besides the ears. This was observed in a previous work as well, and was used to follow the evolution of rolling earing to recrystallized earing [12].

**Figure 3.** Cup heights of the samples cold-rolled in 6 steps. (**a**) Predicted relative cup heights of unidirectionally rolled samples; (**b**) predicted relative cup heights of cross-rolled samples; (**c**) measured cup heights of unidirectionally rolled samples; (**d**) measured cup heights of cross-rolled samples.

Average earing calculated from measured cup heights and predicted average earing calculated from weighted {200} intensities of UD and CR samples are plotted in Figure 4a,b, respectively. Note that the used scaling factor for UD was 40 and for CR it was 60. For convenience, the negative sign, which usually corresponds to rolling type earing, is neglected. It can be seen that the average earing values of the UD samples are around 2.5, while those of the CR samples are around 1.5. Thus, it can be stated that cross-rolling results in notably smaller earing compared to unidirectional rolling.

**Figure 4.** Absolute value of average earing of the samples cold-rolled in 6 steps. (**a**) Measured and predicted average earing of unidirectionally rolled samples, scaling factor: 40; (**b**) measured and predicted average earing of cross-rolled samples, scaling factor: 60.

#### *3.2. Results of 12 Pass Rolling*

In Figure 5, the recalculated {200} pole figures of the UD and CR samples rolled in 12 passes is presented. The two-fold symmetry of the UD sample (Figure 5a) and the four-fold symmetry of the CR sample (Figure 5b) are clearly seen.

**Figure 5.** Recalculated {200} pole figures of the samples cold-rolled in 12 steps. (**a**) A10; (**b**) A11K.

Figure 6 shows cup heights of the samples rolled in 12 passes. In Figure 6a, the predicted relative cup height for the UD sample can be seen, and in Figure 6b that of the CR sample. Figure 6c,d plots measured cup heights for the UD and CR samples, respectively. Again, ears appear in the 45◦ + (n × 90◦) directions on the predicted and measured cup height diagrams after both UD and CR, showing that rolling earing has been developed. The magnitude of earing is difficult to read from the predicted relative cup height and also from the measured cup height diagrams.

**Figure 6.** Cup heights of the samples cold-rolled in 12 steps. (**a**) Predicted relative cup height of the unidirectionally rolled sample; (**b**) predicted relative cup height of the cross-rolled sample; (**c**) measured cup height of the unidirectionally rolled sample; (**d**) measured cup height of the cross-rolled sample.

Average earing of UD and CR samples is plotted in Figure 7a,b, respectively. The values are around 2.2 for the UD and around 1.5 for the CR samples. It can be said that cross-rolled samples show smaller earing compared to unidirectionally rolled ones after 12 passes as well.

**Figure 7.** Absolute value of average earing of the samples cold-rolled in 12 steps. (**a**) Measured and predicted average earing of the unidirectionally rolled sample, scaling factor: 40; (**b**) measured and predicted average earing of the cross-rolled sample, scaling factor: 60.
