*3.1. The Characteristics of Physicochemical Properties of WPO*

The characteristic properties of WPO were analyzed and shown in Table 3. The results show that the characteristics of WPO are close to the standards of gasoline fuels that have been set by the Indonesian government. Some of the properties stated in the national standard include viscosity, density, sulfur content, and calorific value. Table 3 shows the measured kinematic viscosity of WPO was 3.5 mm2/s, which is slightly higher than the reported kinematic viscosity of Ananthakumar et al. [35]. They obtained kinematic viscosity of WPO 2.52 mm2/s. The density of WPO was 750 Kg/m3, which is slightly lower than that of gasoline. The sulfur content of WPO was obtained at 0.68% mm. The calorific value of WPO was found to be 45.0196 MJ/kg, which is higher than the calorific value of waste plastic oil of 42.8075 MJ/kg reported by Kumar et al. [36]. Zainuri [37] also reported the calorific value of WPO to be 46.848 MJ/kg.



<sup>a</sup> Value measured, <sup>b</sup> Vijaya Kumar.

### *3.2. Engine Performance Fueled by Waste Plastic Oil–Gasoline (RON 88) Blends*

Research has been conducted to examine the effect of engine power, SFC, and thermal efficiency on gasoline engines with high-speed motors using waste plastic oil–gasoline (RON 88) blends with different mixture variations.
