**2. Case Presentation**

This study was approved by the hospital ethical committee (the ethical code number was 93/21.8.2019). A 54-year-old postmenopausal female patient was investigated for diffuse pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding and fever, and was diagnosed with a large cervical tumor invading the rectum and the urinary bladder, in association with a massive peritumoral abscess. In the meantime, a left pelvic kidney, with no demarcation line with the tumoral process, was described during the preoperative computed tomography scan. At the time of presentation, the patient presented constant vesperal fever in association with biological inflammatory syndrome. Due to the finding of a large pelvic abscess in association with the clinical–biological condition of the patient, surgery as the first therapeutic intention was decided. Intraoperatively, a large pelvic tumor invading the rectum and the urinary bladder, in association with local perforation and a secondary abscess, was found. In the meantime, invasion of the upper renal pole was also certified (Figures 1–4).

**Figure 1.** Initial intraoperative aspect: Large pelvic tumor invading the left kidney with a pelvic location.

**Figure 2.** The aspect after tumoral mobilization—presence of ureteral invasion as well as renal invasion.

**Figure 3.** The aspect after rectal sectioning and posterior dissection of the tumor.

**Figure 4.** The final aspect after mobilization of the tumor en bloc with the left kidney and lymph node dissection.

Therefore, total exenteration en bloc with a nephrectomy, as well as pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection was performed. The right ureter was exteriorized in a right terminal cutaneous ostomy, while the terminal end of the sigmoidian loop was exteriorized in a left cutaneous colostomy. The decision of not re-establishing the continuity of the digestive or urinary tract was taken due to the association of the tumoral perforation with a secondary pelvic abscess. The postoperative outcome was uneventful, the patient being discharged in the 14th postoperative day. The histopathological studies confirmed the presence of a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma originating from the uterine cervix. At the one-month follow-up, the patient was referred to the oncology service

in order to be submitted to adjuvant therapy and presented a satisfactory urinary function, with a mean level of creatinine of 1.2 mg/dL.

#### **3. Discussion**

Patients presenting ectopic kidneys with pelvic localization usually are at risk of developing hydronephrosis; therefore, in such cases, association of a pelvic malignancy can pose serious problems in terms of establishing whether the ureteral dilatation is induced by tumoral invasion or is the consequence of the pelvic disposition of the kidney [1,4]. So, clarification between the two situations should be carried out in order to correctly classify and stage the patient before deciding the therapeutic strategy [5,6]. In the case presented, the invasion was evident and affected the parenchymal area of the kidney and not the ureter, therefore a nephrectomy was needed. However, this circumstance of a pelvic kidney in association with cervical cancer has been rarely reported so far, with only a few case reports having been published. The most relevant ones are summarized in Table 1.

Interestingly, in the case reported by Ripley et al., the patient presented a pelvic kidney as the result of a previous kidney transplant; in this case, the radiation field could be established in a manner which avoided the renal involvement [7]. Similarly, in Abouna's case report the patient also had been submitted nine years previously for a kidney transplantation, but in this case the therapeutic strategy when the cervical cancer was encountered was different and consisted of a renal replacement in the upper abdomen and revascularization by the use of a splenic artery followed by radiation therapy [8].

Another important issue that should be underlined in such cases is the one related to irradiation; patients presenting an association of a pelvic kidney and a locally advanced cervical tumor cannot be submitted to radiotherapy without risking injury to the kidney [9,10]; therefore, in such cases, including the kidney into the radiation field increases the risk of developing malignant hypertension and increases the chances to necessitate a therapeutic nephrectomy [9–13]. In such cases, certain authors proposed performing radical surgery followed by repositioning the kidney out of the pelvic area, in order to allow the patient to be further on submitted to the adjuvant treatment [14]. The first case of a patient presenting a pelvic kidney in association with cervical cancer, in whom the authors decided for a radical hysterectomy and kidney fixation in an extrapelvic area, followed by radiotherapy, was reported in 1980 by Rosenheim et al. [4]. However, in our case, due to the presence of a parenchymatous invasion of the kidney, nephrectomy was also imposed in order to achieve radical surgery.

Interestingly, in the case reported by Roth et al., published in 2004, both kidneys were found to have an ectopic location at the level of the pelvic area; moreover, the ureteral length was 9 cm in both ureters, making kidney fixation out of the pelvic area impossible, followed by radiation therapy. Therefore, the authors opted for per primam surgery, consisting of pelvic exenteration [5].

Recently, the American study group conducted by Lataifeh et al. reported the successful chemo-radiation of a patient with a stage IIB cervical tumor (IIB - Cervical carcinoma invades beyond the uterus, but not to the lower third of the vagina or to the pelvic wall with parametrial invasion) and ectopic kidney. The chemo-radiation protocol was applied with curative intent, with good oncological outcomes, but with the disadvantage of involving the pelvic kidney into the radiation field. However, the initial workup had revealed the fact that the left kidney was only partially functional; therefore, pelvic irradiation did not induce the development of renal insufficiency or malignant hypertension [6].

However, if surgery with radical intent is proposed, attention should be focused on the anatomical particularities of patients presenting a pelvic kidney [15,16]. Therefore, in such cases, the renal pedicle as well as the ureter can be situated in close contact with the iliac vessels, particular attention being needed in order to perform the pelvic lymph node dissection [17–19].


 Gynecology; IIB, beyond uterus, vagina pelvic parametrial invasion; IB, Invasive carcinoma with measured deepest invasion ≥5.0 mm, limited to the cervix uteri; NR, not reported.
