3.1.1. Complications

"Complications" as a reason for complaint was associated with:


In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in number of hospitalization days between patients who complained about complications and those who did not: t(128) = −4.824, *p* < 0.001; the patients from the former category had a higher mean of hospitalization days (M = 24.85) compared to the latter (M = 8.71).

#### 3.1.2. Negligence

"Negligence" as a reason for complaint was associated with whether the plaintiff was the patient or a family member: χ2(1) = 4.351, *p* = 0.037; Phi coefficient = 0.169, *p* = 0.037, indicating a small size effect. In this case, relatives were more likely to complain about negligence (32.6%) than the patient (17.5%).

There was a statistically significant difference in number of hospitalization days between patients who complained about negligence and those who did not: t(128) = 2.900, *p* = 0.004. Patients who complained about negligence had a higher mean of hospitalization days (M = 8.94) compared to those who did not (M = 17.12).

## 3.1.3. Diagnostic Errors

"Diagnosis errors" as a reason for complaint was associated with whether the patient had multiple hospitalizations: χ2(1) = 4.094, *p* = 0.043; Phi coefficient = 0.168, *p* = 0.043, indicating a small size effect. Patients with multiple hospitalizations were more likely to complain about diagnosis errors (19.3%) compared to those without multiple hospitalizations (8.0%).
