**Appendix A. Hydrodynamic Simulations**

Two numerical simulations without solid phase (*φ* = 0) were performed to study the behavior of the turbulence models in the case of a cylinder placed in a steady current. The first simulation used the *k* − *ω*2006 turbulence model presented in Section 2.3.2, and the second used the standard *k* − *ε* turbulence model presented in Section 2.3.1.
