*Article* **Response of a Porous Seabed around an Immersed Tunnel under Wave Loading: Meshfree Model**

**Shuang Han 1,† , Dong-Sheng Jeng 1,**∗**,† and Chia-Cheng Tsai 2,3,4,†**


Received: 22 August 2019; Accepted: 12 October 2019; Published: 17 October 2019

**Abstract:** Seabed instability surrounding an immersed tunnel is a vital engineering issue regarding the design and maintenance for submarine tunnel projects. In this study, a numerical model based on the local radial basis function collocation method (LRBFCM) is developed to evaluate the seabed behaviour in a marine environment, in which the seabed is treated as the porous medium and governed by Biot's "*u* − *p*" approximation. As for the flow field above the seabed, the VARANS equations are used to simulate the fluid motion and properties. The present model is validated with analytical solutions and experimental data which show a good capacity of the integrated model. Both wave and current loading are considered in this study. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of wave characteristics and soil properties. Based on the numerical results, the maximum liquefaction depth around the immersed tunnel could be deeper under the wave loading with long wave period (*T*) and large wave height (*H*). Moreover, a seabed with lower permeability (*Ks*) and degree of saturation (*Sr*) is more likely to be liquefied.

**Keywords:** meshfree method; VARANS; Biot's "*u* − *p*" approximation; wave-current induced seabed response; immersed tunnel
