**2. Seismic Field Investigations in Marine Engineering**

A large number of earthquakes occur in highly populated coastal areas such as the Pacific Rim earthquake zone and the Mediterranean earthquake zone. Therefore, earthquake damage investigations such as the seismic survey of the Grand Banks submarine landslide were conducted as early as 1929 [27]. In 1964, after the Alaska earthquake, investigations on seabed liquefaction and submarine landslides were also carried out [28,29]. Due to the difficulties of underwater surveying, there are a limited number of seismic damage investigations on the sea floor compared with those on land. However, from the existing cases, we can still conclude that earthquake-induced seabed liquefaction has caused serious damage to marine engineering structures in the past. Recently, there has been growing

interest in seismic field investigations in marine engineering. Sumer et al. summarized seismic liquefaction around ocean engineering structures in Japan and Turkey [20]. Kardogan et al. reported on historical cases of earthquake-induced liquefaction of pile-support wharf structures [30]. This article supplements these studies and summarizes earthquake-induced liquefaction field investigations in marine engineering (Table 1) to provide readers with a systematic understanding of historical cases over the last three decades.


**Table 1.** Major historical cases of seismic liquefaction in marine engineering.
