*Article* **ST-CORAbico: A Spatiotemporal Object-Based Bias Correction Method for Storm Prediction Detected by Satellite**

**Miguel Laverde-Barajas 1,2,3,4,\*,†, Gerald A. Corzo 1, Ate Poortinga 3,5, Farrukh Chishtie 3,5, Chinaporn Meechaiya 3,4, Susantha Jayasinghe 3,4, Peeranan Towashiraporn 3,4, Amanda Markert 6,7, David Saah 3,4,8, Lam Hung Son 9, Sothea Khem 9, Surajate Boonya-Aroonnet 10, Winai Chaowiwat 10, Remko Uijlenhoet 11,‡ and Dimitri P. Solomatine 1,2**


Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 22 October 2020; Published: 28 October 2020

**Abstract:** Advances in near real-time rainstorm prediction using remote sensing have offered important opportunities for effective disaster management. However, this information is subject to several sources of systematic errors that need to be corrected. Temporal and spatial characteristics of both satellite and in-situ data can be combined to enhance the quality of storm estimates. In this study, we present a spatiotemporal object-based method to bias correct two sources of systematic error in satellites: displacement and volume. The method, Spatiotemporal Contiguous Object-based Rainfall Analysis for Bias Correction (ST-CORAbico), uses the spatiotemporal rainfall analysis ST-CORA incorporated with a multivariate kernel density storm segmentation for describing the main storm event characteristics (duration, spatial extension, volume, maximum intensity, centroid). Displacement and volume are corrected by adjusting the spatiotemporal structure and the intensity distribution, respectively. ST-CORAbico was applied to correct the early version of the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM-IMERG) over the Lower Mekong basin in Thailand during the monsoon season from 2014 to 2017. The performance of ST-CORABico

is compared against the Distribution Transformation (DT) and Gamma Quantile Mapping (GQM) probabilistic methods. A total of 120 storm events identified over the study area were classified into short and long-lived storms by using a k-means cluster analysis method. Examples for both storm event types describe the error reduction due to location and magnitude by ST-CORAbico. The results showed that the displacement and magnitude correction made by ST-CORAbico considerably reduced RMSE and bias of GPM-IMERG. In both storm event types, this method showed a lower impact on the spatial correlation of the storm event. In comparison with DT and GQM, ST-CORAbico showed a superior performance, outperforming both approaches. This spatiotemporal bias correction method offers a new approach to enhance the accuracy of satellite-derived information for near real-time estimation of storm events.

**Keywords:** bias correction; satellite-based precipitation; spatiotemporal analysis; object-based method; storm events
