**5. Conclusions**

In our mouse model, TCTP deficiency in neuronal progenitor cells resulted in impaired neuronal and glial cell survival and di fferentiation through increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation, which led to perinatal death. We propose that TCTP is essential for cell proliferation, survival, and di fferentiation during CNS development. TCTP may be a target for the research of whole brain development and perinatal survival through the protection of neural precursor cells and neurons from apoptosis.

### **Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/1/133/s1.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.-H.C.; Methodology, C.-H.L., M.-J.T. and S.-H.C.; Validation, C.-H.L., M.-J.T. and S.-H.C.; Formal Analysis, C.-H.L., and M.-J.T.; Investigation, C.-H.L., M.-J.T. and S.-H.C.; Resources, S.-H.C.; Data Curation, C.-H.L., M.-J.T. and S.-H.C.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, C.-H.L. and S.-H.C.; Writing—Review and Editing, S.-H.C.; Visualization, C.-H.L., M.-J.T. and S.-H.C.; Supervision, S.-H.C.; Project Administration, S.-H.C. Funding: S.-H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by National Science Council of Taiwan, NSC97-2314-B-320-009, NSC 98-2320-B-320-002-MY3, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Grant MOST 105-2320-B-320-015, and by Tzu Chi University, Taiwan, Grant TCIRP99001-03Y1.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank the Transgenic Core Facility of Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica for generation of mutant mice with a conditional (floxed) allele of the TCTP gene (TCTP<sup>f</sup>/+). We also thank the assistance of Ted H. Chiu (Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan) for editing the English of this manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
