**5. Future Perspectives**

Several clinical questions, such as whether surgery or RT is better as a local salvage treatment after definitive systemic therapy or as the first-line local treatment for oligometastatic NSCLC, remain unanswered. The significance of surgical intervention after CRT followed by ICI treatment is also unknown. The use of adjuvant therapy was not described in this review; furthermore, the chronological time of TKI/ICI addition to surgery remains yet to be demonstrated (adjuvant or neoadjuvant). In addition, it is possible that the definition of "unresectable" may change, and R1/R2 resection or even volume reduction may turn out significant in the future. Prospective and comparative trials need to be performed to clarify these issues in the future.
