Effect of the Microwave Power

It is observed that the interaction of the microwave power and ethanol molar ratio have positively approached the bio-jet fuel yield. From Figure 3c, it observed that increasing the microwave power from 100 to 189.53 W, and the ethanol to oil molar ratio from 1:6 to 1:9.36, will increase the bio-jet fuel into maximum point and then it will decrease. The bio-jet fuel yield was decreasing when the microwave power reached above 189.53 W, with

an ethanol molar ratio of more than 1:9.36. This might be due to the possibility of high microwave power causes the destruction of triglycerides [49]. Hence, less triglycerides were reacted with alcohol, and resulting in lower yield.

#### *3.2. Analysis of the Developed ANN Model*

The design of the ANN architecture chosen for this work was based on the minimum mean square error (MSE) and the highest coefficient correlation value (R). The ANN network modeling output plots (predicted values) versus target (actual values) for training, validation, testing and entire datasets with R values of 0.997, 1, 1, and 0.99785, respectively, are shown in Figure 4. In this study, the best topology was found to be 3-8-1, (Figure 5). The architecture consists of a three-neuron input layer.

**Figure 4.** Artificial neural network modeling.

**Figure 5.** Artificial neural network architecture.
