**1. Introduction**

The development of alternative renewable energy sources in Indonesia is of paramount importance not only to fulfil the ever-increasing energy demand in the country but also to contribute to reducing the carbon emission, as well as combating the devastating effects of climate change. During the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 in 2015, known as Paris Agreement, countries around the world committed to reducing carbon emissions by ratifying the agreement. All the countries who participated set the targets in regard to carbon reduction, according to their respective capabilities, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

As one of the countries who participated in COP, Indonesia plans to reduce carbon emission by 29% with its own effort or 41% with international aid by 2030 [1]. Renewable energy sector plays an important role to reduce the carbon emissions, and Indonesia is currently aiming to increase the share of renewable energy to become 23% by 2025 within the National Energy Mix [1]. Due to its unique geographical contour features, Indonesia hosts an enormous potential for renewable energy from various sources, such as geothermal, hydropower, solar energy, bioenergy, wind energy, and ocean energy. The country is undergoing a journey to seek the most suitable renewable energy sources to be developed.

By 2020, Indonesia has only reached halfway towards the 2025 renewable energy target. The development of renewable energy in Indonesia is currently suffering from many obstacles ranging from technical to policy aspects that have significantly hindered its progress. Exploiting renewable energy sources requires a careful appraisal of the potential

**Citation:** Yudha, S.W.; Tjahjono, B.; Longhurst, P. Stakeholders' Recount on the Dynamics of Indonesia's Renewable Energy Sector. *Energies* **2021**, *14*, 2762. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/en14102762

Academic Editors: David Borge-Diez and Almas Heshmati

Received: 29 March 2021 Accepted: 8 May 2021 Published: 12 May 2021

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key predicaments and enablers of its development. Identifying and focusing on a specific type of renewable energy source is therefore deemed essential to mitigate the risks of failure. Analysing the progress of existing development of renewable energy can be done using various ways, for example, by pulling together insights from all relevant stakeholders, which in the case of Indonesia, broadly encompass both state and market players.

In order to acquire a more comprehensive and dynamic outlook, it is necessary to move from the preliminary stakeholder analyses onto probing some crucial information directly from the sources, i.e., the stakeholders. This paper therefore aims to obtain the stakeholder's recount on the assessment and of the suitability, feasibility, and dynamics of the renewable energy sector in Indonesia, that will ultimately pave a trajectory of our future agenda of research. To ascertain a transparent, repeatable, and credible research execution, the following research questions have subsequently been set.


Such information gathering can be done via interviews, surveys or focus group discussions involving key stakeholders of the renewable energy in Indonesia, with an ultimate goal to collate the previously disparate information, experience and decisionmaking processes.

This structure of this paper is as follows. Section 2 set out the foundation of this work by elaborating the various work not only pertinent but also relevant to this paper. In this way, gaps in the existing literature that this work will address can be clearly identified. Section 3 details how the research will be conducted, including the data collection method and analysis. Sections 4 and 5 discuss the findings and their implications to the body of knowledge. Section 6 concludes the paper by showing the process of how a set of proposals are defined that lay down a pathway for the development of renewable energy in Indonesia, a research gap and process that had not previously been evident.
