**Contents**

**Jose M. Le ´on-P ´erez, Mindy K. Shoss, Aristides I. Ferreira and Gabriele Giorgi** Emerging Issues in Occupational Health Psychology Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 11621, doi:10.3390/ijerph182111621 . **1 Nicola Magnavita, Paolo Maurizio Soave, Walter Ricciardi and Massimo Antonelli** Occupational Stress and Mental Health among Anesthetists during the COVID-19 Pandemic Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2020**, *17*, 8245, doi:10.3390/ijerph17218245 . . . **5 Martin Sanchez-Gomez, Gabriele Giorgi, Georgia Libera Finstad, Flavio Urbini, Giulia Foti, Nicola Mucci, Salvatore Zaffina and Jos´e M. Le ´on-Perez** COVID-19 Pandemic as a Traumatic Event and Its Associations with Fear and Mental Health: A Cognitive-Activation Approach Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 7422, doi:10.3390/ijerph18147422 . . . **19 Georgia Libera Finstad, Gabriele Giorgi, Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli, Caterina Pandolfi, Giulia Foti, Jos ´e M. Le ´on-Perez, Francisco J. Cantero-S´anchez and Nicola Mucci** Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 9453, doi:10.3390/ijerph18189453 . . . **33 Ward van Zoonen, Anu Sivunen, Kirsimarja Blomqvist, Thomas Olsson, Annina Ropponen, Kaisa Henttonen and Matti Vartiainen** Factors Influencing Adjustment to Remote Work: Employees' Initial Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 6966, doi:10.3390/ijerph18136966 . . . **57 Carla Estrada-Mu ˜noz, Alejandro Vega-Mu ˜noz, Dante Castillo, Sheyla M ¨uller-P´erez and Joan Boada-Grau** Technostress of Chilean Teachers in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Teleworking Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 5458, doi:10.3390/ijerph18105458 . . . **77 Julija Gecaite-Stonciene, Adomas Bunevicius, Julius Burkauskas, Julija Brozaitiene, Julius Neverauskas, Narseta Mickuviene and Nijole Kazukauskiene** Validation of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory with Coronary Artery Disease Patients Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2020**, *17*, 8003, doi:10.3390/ijerph17218003 . . . **91 Aristides I. Ferreira, Amalia R. P´erez-Nebra, Eva Ellen Costa, Maria Luisa A. Aguiar, Adriane Zambonato, Carla G. Costa, Jo˜ao G. Modesto and Paula da Costa Ferreira** Presenteeism and Productivity: The Role of Biomarkers and Hormones Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 5014, doi:10.3390/ijerph18095014 . . . **109 Ieva Urbanaviciute, Koorosh Massoudi, Cecilia Toscanelli and Hans De Witte** On the Dynamics of the Psychosocial Work Environment and Employee Well-Being: A Latent Transition Approach Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 4744, doi:10.3390/ijerph18094744 . . . **119**

## **Oliver Weigelt, Antje Schmitt, Christine J. Syrek and Sandra Ohly**

Exploring the Engaged Worker over Time—A Week-Level Study of How Positive and Negative Work Events Affect Work Engagement Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 6699, doi:10.3390/ijerph18136699 . . . **141**

## **Isabell Koinig and Sandra Diehl**

Healthy Leadership and Workplace Health Promotion as a Pre-Requisite for Organizational Health

Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 9260, doi:10.3390/ijerph18179260 . . . **169**

#### **Wenqing Tian, Huatian Wang and Sonja Rispens**

How and When Job Crafting Relates to Employee Creativity: The Important Roles of Work Engagement and Perceived Work Group Status Diversity Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 291, doi:10.3390/ijerph18010291 . . . **189**

## **Jean-S ´ebastien Boudrias, Francesco Montani and Christian Vandenberghe**

How and When Does Psychological Wellbeing Contribute to Proactive Performance? The Role of Social Resources and Job Characteristics Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 2492, doi:10.3390/ijerph18052492 . . . **207**

#### **Xiulan Cheng, Ying Ma, Jiaqi Li, Yonghui Cai, Ling Li and Jiao Zhang**

Mindfulness and Psychological Distress in Kindergarten Teachers: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence

Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2020**, *17*, 8212, doi:10.3390/ijerph17218212 . . . **231**

#### **Silu Chen, Wanxing Jiang, Xin Li and Han Gao**

Effect of Employees' Perceived Green HRM on Their Workplace Green Behaviors in Oil and Mining Industries: Based on Cognitive-Affective System Theory Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 4056, doi:10.3390/ijerph18084056 . . . **243**

#### **Xiao Deng, Xi Guo, Yenchun Jim Wu and Min Chen**

Perceived Environmental Dynamism Promotes Entrepreneurial Team Member's Innovation: Explanations Based on the Uncertainty Reduction Theory Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 2033, doi:10.3390/ijerph18042033 . . . **259**

#### **Silu Chen, Yu Zhang, Lili Liang and Tao Shen**

Does Paradoxical Leadership Facilitate Leaders' Task Performance? A Perspective of Self-Regulation Theory

Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 3505, doi:10.3390/ijerph18073505 . . . **271**

#### **Inmaculada Mateo-Rodr´ıguez, Emily Caitlin Lily Knox, Coral Oliver-Hern´andez, Antonio Daponte-Codina and on behalf of the esTAR Group**

Mediational Occupational Risk Factors Pertaining to Work Ability According to Age, Gender and Professional Job Type

Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 877, doi:10.3390/ijerph18030877 . . . **287**

**Miriam Benitez, Jose M. Leon-Perez, Alejandro Orgamb´ıdez and Francisco J. Medina** Interpersonal Conflicts in the Unit Impact the Service Quality Rated by Customers: The Mediating Role of Work-Unit Well-Being Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 8137, doi:10.3390/ijerph18158137 . . . **297**

**Gabriela Petereit-Haack, Ulrich Bolm-Audorff, Karla Romero Starke and Andreas Seidler** Occupational Risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Related Depression: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2020**, *17*, 9369, doi:10.3390/ijerph17249369 . . . **311**

**Anne Richter, Marta Roczniewska, Carina Loeb, Christiane R. Stempel and Thomas Rigotti** The Cross-Level Moderation Effect of Resource-Providing Leadership on the Demands—Work Ability Relationship

Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 9084, doi:10.3390/ijerph18179084 . . . **333**

#### **Luo Lu, Shu-Fang Kao, Ting-Ting Chang and Cary L. Cooper**

Gender Diversity and Work–Life Conflict in Changing Times Reprinted from: *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2020**, *17*, 9009, doi:10.3390/ijerph17239009 . . . **347**

## *Editorial* **Emerging Issues in Occupational Health Psychology**

**Jose M. León-Pérez 1,\* , Mindy K. Shoss 2,3, Aristides I. Ferreira <sup>4</sup> and Gabriele Giorgi <sup>5</sup>**


The world of work is changing dramatically due to continuous technological advancements and globalization (the so-called industry 4.0), the health crisis due to the COVID-19 outbreak, and the ongoing global economic crisis, all of which have forced adaptation to new ways of organizing work that have been slowly incorporated during the last few decades (e.g., home working and teleworking), climate change demands, and social movements such as those trying to offer more sustainable alternatives to the current economic model of neoliberalism and the demand-driven manufacturing system, among other factors. Moreover, several studies have shown that workers' health and well-being can be at higher risk when organizations face relevant changes and economic turbulence [1].

In that sense, after a peer-review process involving international experts, the 21 papers accepted in this Special Issue are reviews and empirical contributions that highlight the emergence of new psychosocial risks for employees' health and well-being, which are challenging the existing theoretical models and evidence-based practices in Occupational Health Psychology (OHP).

Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed some challenges. As usually occurs when an unexpected catastrophe happens, researchers are exploring the short- and long-term consequences on health and well-being, comparing with previous situations or another similar health-related crisis. In this sense, most studies have focused on the negative aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, Nicola Magnavita and colleagues conceptualize the COVID-19 pandemic crisis as a macro stressor that is negatively affecting the mental health of workers, particularly those in the healthcare sector [2]. Similarly, Martin Sanchez-Gomez and colleagues considered that the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic event that is associated with feelings of fear and impaired mental health [3]. Drawing on the Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress [4], they conducted two studies comprising more than 1100 participants in total. Their data supported the idea that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with intrusive thoughts that keep people in a hyperactivated state (i.e., hyperarousal) which, in turn, diminishes mental health and increases negative emotions such as fear of social activities and being infected. On the other hand, taking a more positive approach, Georgia Libera Finstad and colleagues [5] reviewed previous studies that have explored resilience and growth at work after being exposed to a traumatic event such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

In a similar vein, other studies have focused on the changes in the work design and working procedures that have been triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially regarding remote work or telework. For example, Ward van Zoonen and colleagues explored the factors influencing adjustment to remote work during the beginning of the COVID-19 related lockdown in a sample of 5452 Finnish employees [6]. Their findings identified the interplay between both environmental and contextual factors in predicting adjustment to

**Citation:** León-Pérez, J.M.; Shoss, M.K.; Ferreira, A.I.; Giorgi, G. Emerging Issues in Occupational Health Psychology. *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, 11621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph182111621

Received: 27 October 2021 Accepted: 2 November 2021 Published: 5 November 2021

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

remote work. Additionally, Carla Estrada-Muñoz and colleagues [7] concluded that the lack of technological skills can endanger a risk of technostress in Chilean teachers.

Another issue that some studies in this Special Issue have covered is the development of scales to measure factors of psychosocial risks at work in particular groups such as the fatigue inventory adapted to coronary artery disease workers by Julija Gecaite-Stonciene and colleagues [8]. Indeed, people with cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of experiencing fatigue at work and, therefore, normative data in this population are needed. Regarding methodological issues, the study conducted by Aristides I. Ferreira and colleagues [9] addresses one important issue in advancing the field of OHP: combining self-report measures with physiological measures. As one of the typical limitations that studies include is the lack of physiological measures compared to self-reported measures, they discuss studies integrating physiological and self-reported measures and offer interesting further research avenues. Particularly, they reviewed the role of biomarkers and hormones in the relationship between presenteeism (another emerging topic in OHP) and performance.

Furthermore, from a methodological point of view, OHP should incorporate more complex designs beyond cross-sectional survey studies to capture dynamic processes in a changing environment. For example, Ieva Urbanaviciute et al. [10] conducted a study with two measurement points in a sample of 959 employees working in Switzerland. They used a latent transition approach to explore dynamics between psychosocial work environment and employee well-being. Additionally, Oliver Weigelt et al. [11] reported the results of a weekly diary study that explores how positive and negative events affect engagement over time. According to theoretical frameworks that advocate for analyzing how certain events can produce behavioral change in organizational contexts [12,13], they focus on the effects that exposure to discrete events at work have on workers' engagement through the emotions associated with such events. Their results revealed "that positive events accumulate to feed continuously high levels of work engagement over periods of several months" (p. 23). Finally, following a qualitative approach, Isabell Koinig and Sandra Diehl [14] report the key role of healthy leadership and the adoption of workplace health promotion practices, as part of the organizational culture, to develop healthy organizations.

Following a similar positive approach, some authors have explored how personal and social resources can increase employee well-being and performance. For example, Wenqing Tian et al. [15] analyzed some mechanisms that can shed some light on the relationship between job crafting and creativity at the individual level. Additionally, Jean-Sébastien Boudrias et al. [16], in line with the happy-productive worker hypothesis, explore the boundary conditions for the association between employee well-being and proactive performance. Finally, Xiulan Cheng et al. [17] examine how emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress in a sample of kindergarten teachers.

In line with the United Nations' goals for a sustainable and healthy development [18], several studies have analyzed how certain features of individuals, teams, and organizations are associated with more sustainable and productive behaviors in complex environments. For example, Silu Chen et al. [19] reported how more sustainable and green HR practices can promote workers' green behaviors in industries with high environmental impact; Xiao Deng et al. [20] examined how more dynamic environments are associated with higher entrepreneurial innovation; and Silu Chen et al. [21] investigated how paradoxical leadership (i.e., using strategies that simultaneously balance and satisfy both structural and individual needs) is related to task performance.

Finally, from a stressor–stress–strain perspective, several studies have explored the association of diverse work-related factors with key outcome variables in OHP. Mateo-Rodríguez et al. [22] focused on occupational risk factors for work ability depending on sociodemographic information, which is crucial for identifying exposure risk groups and therefore implementing more accurate and/or tailored measures. Miriam Benítez et al. [23] conceived intragroup conflict as an interpersonal stressor that can negatively affect well-

being at the team level and, in turn, decrease the quality of service the unit provides (reported by customers). Gabriela Petereit-Haack et al. [24] conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the occupational risks that are related to post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma-related depression. Anne Richter et al. [25], in line with the differentiation between challenge versus hindrance stressors, challenge more traditional stress models and explore how job demands can being associated with positive outcomes. Additionally, Lu et al. [26] revealed the importance of examining the work and family interface by introducing different aspects of gender that capture better nontraditional gender identities.

In sum, the studies included in this Special Issue come from several disciplines and cultural contexts, involving authors from more than 15 different countries. These studies use strong and innovative theoretical approaches to provide evidence regarding the importance of working characteristics and resources to promote healthier and more sustainable environments in which employees can be happy and productive. Moreover, their findings offer several clues for implementing measures and developing healthier organizations in an uncertain and changing environment, particularly in the post-pandemic era. We hope the readers can benefit from the insights of these papers and that their findings can attract the attention of the scientific community in order to pursue further investigation into emerging issues in OHP.

**Author Contributions:** J.M.L.-P. writing: original draft preparation. M.K.S., A.I.F. and G.G. writing: review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all authors for their contributions, the reviewers for their useful insights, and the journal staff for their support in making this Special Issue possible.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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