*3.3. Effects of Farming and IrrigationSystems on Crop Growth Characteristics*

A one-tailed paired t-test was conducted to analyze plant height for garlic, cabbage, potato, onion, and maize (Table 3). The mean plant height was significantly improved under CA for garlic and potato, whereas the improvements for cabbage and maize height was not statistically significant. The mean plant height of garlic and potato were improved under CA, respectively, by 17% and 7% when compared with the CT. Drip irrigation significantly improved potato height by 8% when compared with the overhead water application system, whereas the improvement of onion height was not statistically significant.

Similarly, a one-tailed paired t-test was used to analyze potato tuber diameter, cabbage head diameter, garlic, and onion bulb diameter under the different soil management practices and irrigation systems (Table 4). Both garlic bulb diameter and cabbage head diameter were significantly improved under CA when compared with CT, which were increased by 35% and 26%, respectively, under CA. Potato tuber diameter was significantly improved under the drip water application when compared with the overhead water application system, whereas the improvement for the onion bulb diameter was not statistically significant. The mean potato tuber diameter was improved by 23% under drip irrigation when compared with under the overhead system.


**Table 3.** Mean value of plant height under different tillage (CA versus CT) and water management (drip versus overhead water application) systems.

Note: N, SEM, Max., Min., \*\*, \*\*\* are sample size, standard error of the mean, maximum, minimum, and significance at *p* < 0.05 and *p* < 0.001%, respectively.

**Table 4.** Mean value of bulb, tuber, and cabbage head diameter different tillage (CA versus CT) and water management (drip versus overhead water application) systems.


Note: N, SEM, Max., Min. \*\*, \*\*\* are sample size, standard error of the mean, maximum, minimum, and significance at *p* < 0.01 and *p* < 0.001, respectively.
