*3.2. MajiPumps Capacity and Groundwater Depth in the Study Area*

The MajiPumps (MP400 and MP200) discharge head and discharge relations of the different solar panels (i.e., 200 W flexible, 200 W, and 150 rigid) best fitted (R2 > 0.8) with the natural logarithmic function (Figure 5). The MajiPumps were tested at the various solar intensity in the study region ranging from 1026 W/m2 to 1230 W/m2. The maximum discharge heads for MP400 with 200W rigid panel (Figure 5a), MP400 with 200 W flexible panel (Figure 5b), and MP200 with rigid panel (Figure 5c) were observed to be 18 m, 14 m, and 10 m, respectively. The minimum water yields capacity of the pumps from the shallow groundwater wells at the point of maximum discharge heads (i.e., 18 m, 14 m, and 10 m) were found 0.13 L/S, 0.05 L/S, and 0.06 L/S, for MP400 with 200W rigid panel, MP400 with 200 W flexible panel, and MP200 with 150 W rigid panels, respectively. The maximum pumping discharges for MP400 with 200 rigid panels, MP400 with 200 W flexible panel, and MP200 with 150 W rigid panel were found 0.41 L/S, 0.25 L/S, and 0.37 L/S, respectively.

Groundwater depth at Alefa and Affesa sites were monitored (Figure 6) throughout the year to explore potentials for irrigation using the solar MajiPump water-lifting technology. Water levels were measured from the second week of March 2019 to the first week of August 2020 for Alefa and from the last week of February 2019 to the first week of July 2020. The depth of groundwater level in the shallow well ranges from 1.6 m (in October) to 9 m (last week of April) at Alefa site, whereas it ranges from 2 m (first week of August) to 12 m (first week of April) at Affesa site.

**Figure 5.** Discharge head and discharge curves of MajiPumps for solar intensity ranges in the study region (1026 to 1230 W/m2).

**Figure 6.** Groundwater depth from surface at Alefa (**a**) and Affesa (**b**) sites.
