**5. Conclusions**

Villagers in TFVs depend on their livelihoods such as rice production and greens cultivation in agricultural fields, gathering wild edible green and mushroom production in forests. They live in their thatched or roof-tiled houses where swallows and sparrows can safely make breeding nests against predators. Their eco-friendly livelihoods, transcended from old times, allow them to interact with birds, and their harmonized attitudes can enhance biodiversity in TFVs. However, socio-economic change and individualized society can adversely affect the bird diversity as well as local villagers. Research on the interaction between local people and biodiversity should be conducted to sustain TFVs against climate change and COVID-19.

**Author Contributions:** S.S. and C.R.P. collected the field data and wrote the paper; S.S. and C.R.P. collected the field data and analyzed the statistical data on geographic information data; S.C. managed the research project and contributed to the discussion on data; C.R.P. designed the study site and surveyed plans and statistical analyses of all data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was funded by National Institute of Forest Science of Korea, grant number NIFOS FE0100-2017-05.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
