*2.1. Study Site*

We selected five TFVs based on the settlement of villagers and maintenance of traditional residential circumstances like thatched houses and tile-roofed houses. Maeuls refer to the village in pure Korean language. Among the five villages, three villages (Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae maeuls) belong to Gyeonsangbukdo province. Wanggok maeul is located at the most northern parts, while Nagan maeul is at the most southern parts of Korean peninsula. The size of Hahoe maeul amounts as 904,821 square meters; the others are below 530,000 square meters. Based on the size of survey areas, we chose survey distance (Figure 1, Table 1). 46 47 48

#### *2.2. Bird Survey Method* 49

59 60 61

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By using the digital contour maps (1:25,000 or 1:5000) and forest cover maps (1:5000), survey routes were chosen to include all habitats of birds. The name and area of each site were referred to the regional legends of local government. Birds were surveyed three times in each site with the line transect method in the morning from May 1 to July 5 in 2016. To avoid bias from repeated observations of the same individuals, we surveyed birds while walking at the speed of 2 km per hour between 0530 and 0800 on a clear day. Census trails were set up at the length enough to determine the number of species present in each site. All birds seen or heard within 25 m either side of the census trail were identified by song, call, flying type and field mark by eye or with binoculars (8 × 30). All birds seen were recorded and identified by binoculars, song and call, and the number of individuals were counted; the density was calculated as an individual density(ea/km/hr) of each species [11,12]. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

**Figure 1.** Five traditional folk villages (TFVs) were selected based on the villagers' settlements and maintenance of traditional residential circumstances.

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