*3.2. Comparison among Sites and Observed Species*

Ordination analysis indicated that Hangae (HG) and Wanggok (WG) maeul showed similarity in the characteristics of bird community; however, the other three sites showed relative unique patterns of bird community (Figure 3). Two sites were composed of high value of forests, 62.4% in WG and 67.0% in HG, so forest birds could dominate the bird community. Hahoe (HA) maeul is located near the river, so riverine birds occurred more highly than at the other sites. Yangdong (YD) maeul showed high percentage of grasslands, and Nakan (NA) maeul a high percentage of bare lands. Thus, among the five TFVs, WG and HG maeuls showed similarity in bird species composition, but the others reflected the characteristics of habitat type for their birds.

Among the observed 60 species, nine species (Passer montanus, Streptopelia orientalis, Hirundo rustica, Pica pica, Phoenicuros auroreus, Paradoxornis webbiana, Microscelis amaurotis, Carduelis sinica and Oriolus chinensis) showed increasing dissimilarity in relation to the other birds which aggregated similarity at the red-dotted circle based on the average density of the five maeuls (Figure 4). Within the red-dotted circle, the birds mostly belong to the forest-dwelling birds. Thus, we could infer that the nine species are related with habitat types of TFVs. Among the nine species, Hirundo rustica and Oriolus chinensis were summer visitors which migrate to Southeast Asia to spend winter, and seven birds were residents.

**Figure 3.** Non-multidimensional scaling ordination with the average density of observed birds at five maeuls (YD-Yandong, NA-Nagan, HA-Hahoe, WG-Wangok, HG-Hangae; Stess-0.0, R2-0.9967) by Past, Program V1.35b.

**Figure 4.** Non-multidimensional scaling ordination with the average density of sixty observed birds at five maeuls by Past, Program V1.35b (Red dotted circles include forest-dwelling birds, Stress-0.13, R 2 -0.7962).
