*3.1. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents*

Table 1 shows the socio-demographics of the respondents from Busuanga (n = 98) and Karimunjawa (n = 47). The respondents in Busuanga are almost equally distributed in terms of gender (male is 51.0% and female is 49.0%) with a mean age of 44 years old. The majority (75.5%) of the respondents is living in the neighborhood since birth (21 years or more) while others, about 11.2% are relatively new in the area (5–10 years). In terms of formal education, 51.0% of the locals have finished primary school while 30.6% have completed secondary school. About 11.2% of the respondents did not finish formal education. Moreover, in terms of occupation, salaried individuals (daily, weekly, or monthly earners) covering part-time workers, skilled workers, and government employees comprised 40.8% of the total interviewees while 23.5% are fishermen and 5.1% are farmers. The unemployed group accounts for 30.6% of the total respondents.

In contrast, a majority (87.2%) of the respondents in Karimunjawa Island are male while only 12.8% are female respondents. More than half (51.1%) of the respondents are in the "41 to 50 years old" age group, with an average age of 40 years old. About 57.4% of the respondents are living on the island since birth while a few (4.3% to 6.4%) have just resided in the area for less than 10 years. In terms of education, 66.0% of the respondents have completed secondary school, 23.4% finished primary education and about 10.6% are degree holders. The occupation of the respondents is distributed to salaried individuals (34.0%) who include merchants, government employees, and skilled workers, fishermen (21.3%), and housewives (6.4%). The remaining 38.3% did not divulge their occupation information.
