**5. Conclusion: Endogenous Actions in Tribal Resilience**

This research presents the endogenous actions built up from inside an indigenous tribal society after Typhoon Soudelor and contributes to a deeper understanding of tribal resilience. In particular, we consider how three tribes in the Wulai area of northern Taiwan utilize IK in disaster relief efforts. For the social-ecosystem framework, the Tayal people undertook actions in disaster relief, used natural resources, and developed indigenous tourism preparedness, demonstrating their environmental, social, and food resilience. Tribal resilience reveals the importance of Tayal gaga and the cooperation among indigenous tribes in the Nanshi River basin. A reconstruction of the endogenous actions by the Wulai tribes shows how they met communal objectives. However, cooperation still exists with (exogenous) outsiders to ensure that IK forms an integrated approach to the river basin's social-economic strategy as a whole, including coordination with the tribes' churches and other social groups. Furthermore, the concept of tribal resilience has been explored in the roll-out of the Qutux Niqan of Tayal IK, which reveals the critical role of partnerships at all levels of Tayal elders, hunters, women, and other stakeholders.

IK in the social ecological system illustrates how endogenous actions can build resilience in the Wulai tribes, despite political, economic, and modern societal disturbances. This current study and other SES papers have underscored the importance of social and economic resilience in identifying the broad spectrum of local indigenous values. We find that endogenous social mobilization deriving from Tayal gaga (social regulations and cultures) is the key factor initiating communalization and also at the core of reconstructing. The social approach to build tribal resilience is highly dominated by the Tayal people, and IK is used to gather and work together, meaning it is an endogenous form that requires the cooperation of the tribes through the gaga. The collaboration between endogenous and exogenous actions works well due to recognition of IK in tribal society. The Tayal IK is acknowledged by the different values and identities of groups co-existing in the Nanshi River basin. For example, when assigning the work of carrying food back to the tribe or hunting, the elders taught young tribal members, churches, and other social groups what steps to take. The Tayal people and their partnerships mobilize resources from a variety of sources to function together and jointly cooperate in providing disaster relief. Co-working between outsiders and insiders can motivate and enhance indigenous people's inherent social resilience. This can subsequently help promote sustainable development and build an internal mechanism in their communities, while also better understanding the needs and priorities of external support.

Indigenous tourism preparedness is a planning process that is central to cultural and social themes that have emerged in SESs around local knowledge-specifically, how IK directly enriches indigenous tourism, and whether local efforts can contribute to minimizing

emerging risks. We offer some evidence that indigenous tourism supported through IK indeed works well [71–73], and that indigenous people in recent years also wish to raise the younger generations' understanding of Tayal IK through indigenous tourism preparedness.

Natural hazards have severely impacted indigenous areas in Taiwan. The reorganization phases of the endogenous actions demonstrate how tribal resilience has built up through IK. The findings of this study also emphasize the importance of social resilience and food resilience of the Qutux Niqan during supply shortages that occur following a disaster. By focusing on disaster relief of the Wulai tribes after Typhoon Soudelor, this research offers another approach for endogenous actions with a collective orientation toward following IK and experiencing the sharing together of resources with other tribes during reconstruction. In Taiwan, climate change hazards have brought forth the need to set up support social capital entry points, including the practice actions of IK (e.g., hunting, finding the source of river water collectively during a disaster, cooperation with neighboring members under gaga, sharing food, building a livelihood of IK after environmental change, etc.).

Future research can conduct more case studies to investigate how indigenous people use their IK to build resilience, because many valuable things can be learned from endogenous actions for reconstruction after a natural disaster. Tribal resilience can enhance current disaster relief knowledge and provide more guidance to local governments and social organizations such as NGOs and practitioners. Many studies and international climate change reports [74,75] have identified the importance of IK in reducing socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as how to deal with environmental and other hazards that trigger them. This research contributes to the growing body of IK literature at resilience to climate change. To strengthen resilience, indigenous tribes must prepare for and recover quickly from environmental hazards by sharing their cultural awareness and skills of IK through indigenous tourism. Specifically, analyzing endogenous actions in disaster relief via SESs allows one to verify and acknowledge the resilience, based upon enhanced IK engagement by indigenous peoples at disaster risk reduction. The end result can better leverage as well as help create more resilient tribes that are able to achieve disaster management and sustainable development.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.-H.L. and Y.-J.C.; methodology, S.-H.L. and Y.-J.C.; validation, S.-H.L.; formal analysis, Y.-J.C.; investigation, S.-H.L. and Y.-J.C.; resources, S.-H.L.; data curation, Y.-J.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.-J.C.; writing—review and editing, S.-H.L. and Y.-J.C.; visualization, S.-H.L.; project administration, Y.-J.C.; funding acquisition, S.-H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology grant number 103-2420- H-034-001-MY3 and 108-2410-H-003-110–SSS.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Social and Behavioral Research Ethical Principles and Regulations, and approved by Research Ethics Committee, National Taiwan Normal University (REC Number: 202011HS012 and 12 November 2020).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all interviewee involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** Restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data was obtained from Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and are available online: https://246.swcb.gov.tw/Achievement/DisastersContent?EventID=465.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
