*3.5. Future Research Directions and Knowledge Gaps*

The final research question concerns what kind of knowledge gaps or future research directions can be identified among the literature on Indigenous peoples, resilience, and climate change in Taiwan. In terms of knowledge gaps, a geographical skewness was identified, with southern Taiwan receiving substantially more attention than Taiwan's east coast. This can be partly attributed to Typhoon Morakot and the relatively low impact it had on Taiwan's east coast. Government-led projects to studying Typhoon Morakot and associated funding channels also contributed to this skewness. This ties in with the types of climate hazards studied currently. Many scholars focus on climate shocks, as can be seen in the large overlap of Morakot's destruction path and the study sites of the selected articles (Figure 6a; Appendix D). More studies must be conducted on climate stressors affecting Indigenous farmers and smallholders, how Indigenous peoples cope with climate variability, and how Indigenous peoples experience, perceive, and cope with global climate change. These stressor studies would help improve the east coast's Indigenous population's representation in future studies. This relates to a broader issue regarding the multiple impacts of climate change on Indigenous peoples in Taiwan. These could be direct (such as shocks), gradual (such as stressors), or indirect impacts, such as effects of climate change response by government agencies on Indigenous peoples. Highlighting the latter, Taiwan's quest for renewable or non-fossil fuel energy has led to new land grabs and disputes on traditional territories and rights of Indigenous peoples on Taiwan's east coast [76,77]. These multiple impacts, however, have not been comprehensively discussed by the articles in this bibliometric study.

In terms of the Indigenous peoples considered in the relevant studies, there are relatively few articles focusing on the Amis among other groups. The Amis are renowned for their TEK systems and local marine area management [20], and several questions remain regarding how climate change affects their traditional livelihoods and resilience. Future research could also adopt a longer timeframe, such as from 1990-2020, as studies prior to Typhoon Morakot could shed more light on communities that have received less attention, such as Indigenous communities on Taiwan's east coast.

We also discovered that relatively few studies have investigated how TEK systems can be integrated into climate change adaptation and disaster management. There is a valid concern that translating Indigenous languages into Chinese and then into English is difficult. Furthermore, some Indigenous elderly people are more fluent in Japanese than Chinese as a result of colonialization, and translation errors could also occur for this reason. Much information could be lost, and it, therefore, makes sense that these types of articles are published in Chinese in domestic outlets. Additionally, many (unpublished) masters theses—often indexed in Airiti Library—as well as grey literature on TEK have not been translated into academic articles yet. Nonetheless, the international community remains somewhat unexposed to the TEK systems of Taiwan's Indigenous peoples. This is probably another major reason why international literature has not covered Taiwan (e.g., [6]). In terms of methodological trends, many studies have adopted a qualitative approach, performing microlevel case studies. Although qualitative approaches provide rich data, they could be complemented with larger-scale quantitative surveys on the regional or national level. Comparative and longitudinal studies are also lacking. What are, for example, the long-term implications of climate-induced relocation? How does climate change create environmental mobility among Indigenous households? These questions require a more critical exploration of the relationship between Taiwan's Indigenous peoples, Indigenous resilience, and climate change. Perspectives in political ecology, for example, have been proven to be very valuable [78], but no study in our database adopted this approach. Future studies also need to adopt more multi-, cross-, and trans-disciplinary research methods. Studies on Indigenous peoples and climate change have been conducted from multiple academic disciplines, ranging from health sciences to DRR studies, and from ethnographic research to natural sciences. The next wave of Indigenous peoples' research should take advantage of these multiple disciplines by adopting more holistic approaches to the global climate change response of Indigenous peoples.

Indigenous resilience is also a dimension that deserves more attention in future studies. The concept of resilience consists of three dimensions: absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacity, which correspond to coping, adaptation, and transformation respectively [79–82]. Most studies focused on coping or adaptation strategies [44,48,73], but no studies were found which analyzed the transformative capacity of Indigenous peoples to climate change. This consequently led to a somewhat narrow understanding of the concept of resilience. This is a research gap that should be addressed more comprehensively among studies on Indigenous peoples and climate change, both within the context of Taiwan and beyond.

It is crucial to mention why the lessons learned from Taiwan are important for other countries in the Asia-Pacific that are home to Indigenous peoples. Although Taiwan lacks international recognition, it is one of the few countries in Asia that officially recognizes its Indigenous peoples [19]. Taiwan is also a liberal democracy, and therefore the development path of Taiwan, being a newly developed country, can provide vital lessons for other countries in Asia that are home to Indigenous peoples, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar. It is hoped this study will prompt the international audience to engage more intensively with the literature on Indigenous peoples, resilience, and climate change in Taiwan. This study is the first of its kind for Taiwan's literature and is a humble beginning, but hopefully, the first step to give Taiwan's Indigenous peoples greater importance on the international stage.

Lastly, it is recommended that other studies conduct similar bibliometric analyses in countries home to the world's Indigenous peoples. The methodology employed in this study can be used to provide more insightful analyses embedded in national contexts to understand our current state of knowledge of how the world's Indigenous peoples cope and are resilient to global climate change.

#### **4. Conclusions**

This study analyzed 111 articles published in peer-reviewed domestic and international journals or books and concerning Indigenous peoples, resilience, and global climate change in Taiwan in the 10-year period after Typhoon Morakot. Most of the articles focused on disaster management, with a particular focus on post-disaster recovery, Indigenous cultures, ecological wisdom, and community development. Most studies were conducted within the context of and in relation to Typhoon Morakot, and more focus was given to climate shocks than climate stressors. There was also a somewhat narrow understanding of the concept of Indigenous resilience. Among the articles, we found a geographical skewness in favor of southern Taiwan, with Taiwan's eastern coast receiving relatively little attention. The geographical skewness could be partially attributed to the destruction path of Morakot, which overlapped considerably with the geographic locations of the included studies, and governmental research funding channels. The Amis, Taiwan's largest Indigenous group, were also largely overlooked. In terms of post-disaster recovery, most scholars argue for a more culturally sensitive approach that fits the needs and livelihoods of Indigenous peoples. Longitudinal studies and those focusing on all four phases of disaster management remain in their infancy. This also accounts for the small number of studies on TEK systems and climate change adaptation. Indigenous scholars have been very active in publishing their research, but most of their articles have been published in domestic outlets. Taiwan-based scholars should thus engage more with contemporary studies and global debates on the roles of Indigenous peoples in global climate change adaptation and mitigation. Taiwan is a case study and can provide the globe with an understanding of how Indigenous peoples can become more resilient to the negative effects of global climate change.

**Author Contributions:** All authors (M.M.B., Y.-Y.H., L.-S.H., H.-M.T. and t.'ev.) contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by M.M.B. and Y.-Y.H. The first draft of the manuscript was written by M.M.B., Y.-Y.H., and L.-S.H. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan under grant numbers MOST 109-2636-H-003-007 and MOST 108-2410-H-003-140.

**Acknowledgments:** We are very thankful to the comments of the three anonymous reviewers. Section 3.5 has been partly rewritten due to the helpful comments of Reviewer 2. We also thank Fikret Berkes for his comments on the first draft of this manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
