**5. Discussion**

Based on the case study, the main subtopics of the issue "resilience for whom" are discussed in this section as follows:


The entry and rule of the modern state regime is the origin of the drastic transformation of the DFA social-ecological system. Indigenous land was nationalized by the state and subsequently used for the production of agricultural commodities for international trade. After Taiwan lost its international economic competitiveness in the cane sugar industry, the environmental conservation of DFA land was then conducted. Whether due to economic motivations or environmental considerations, the dominant political power of the modern state regime has fundamentally shaped land tenure, economic use patterns, social and demographic structures, governance institutions, and ecosystems. From the perspective of ethnic groups, dominant ethnic groups drive the modern state regime. In the era of Japanese rule, the dominant ethnic group was Japanese. In the current Taiwanese state, Han people dominate political power. Obviously, DFA's land tenure, economic utilization, and governance institutions reflect the interests of dominant ethnic groups.
