*3.3. Data Collection*

The methodological parts of this study were drawn from both primary and secondary sources. According to a comprehensive review after the tribes' areas were severely damaged, the disaster was caused during Typhoon Soudelor, which could be put into three categories that occurred to the Wulai tribes: collapse, mudslides, and flood [56]. The collapse area mainly happened to the Lahaw and Fushan tribes; the area of the flood was mainly located near the riverside of Nanshi River, as well as the area near the Wulai tribe and the main street (business street). The road linking the Wulai tribes to the main part of the transportation system was completely washed-out, dropping precipitously to the riverbed far below. Wulai suffered the most damage by the typhoon, with landslides cutting off the district's only road access to Taipei, as shown in Figure 3.

The project, Establishing Resilient Tribe for Climate Change: the Empowering Action Plan in Lahaw, Wulai, New Taipei City (2016.4–12) [57], of the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau showed that even though the typhoon damaged the areas of the original tribes seriously, the indigenous people stayed their own land tightly. Reconstructing their tribes in their own familiar and damaged hometown made them turn to take actions from the Tayal gaga of IK, especially for the disaster relief relationship between the different groups.

After the secondary data collection that helps present and analyze the reconstruction after disaster, we then process in-depth interviews obtaining qualitative information regarding the Tayal people who used IK and their endogenous actions and procedures. The key informant interviews took place in the Wulai, Lahaw, and Fushan tribes along Nanshi River. Interviews were guided by a series of open-ended questions about the disaster relief practice, involving environmental, social, and livelihood actions and the interaction under SESs. There were seven formal interviews, and in order to understand the long-term tribal resilience in SESs, we interviewed at least one time every year to the following interviewee individually from 2018 to 2019. Tribal elders, ward councilor (once), school teachers, and tourism industry staffs were the interview subjects. We use the triangulation approach to verify, corroborate, and enhance the credibility and trustworthiness or validity of the collected data.

**Figure 3.** The landslides cutting off the Wulai district's only road access to downtown. Photo: Taipei Times from EPA/New Taipei city fire department [58].

The primary method of a qualitative study is for researchers to employ in-depth interviews, allowing respondents to provide a narrative to present their subjective meanings and motivations [59]. Each interview lasted about 1–2 h. The text was then analyzed and compared and analyzed with secondary data in the Wulai area. The combination of secondary data collection and primary data from in-depth interviews focuses on examining the research questions in SESs for tribal resilience of what actions the indigenous people took for long-term rebuilding of their homeland after the disaster.

Based on secondary data collection, we conducted in-depth interviews from the following dimensions: (1) How did the Tayal people face the damaged environment and reconstruct their homeland after the disaster? (2) In the beginning, who called and led the disaster relief in the tribes? (3) From the shortage of food, water, and electricity supplied, how did the Tayal people maintain basic life necessities? (4) What are the livelihood and long-term economy of tribal resilience in the context of local knowledge after the disaster? Based on the endogenous-exogenous reconstructing framework, the interaction of IK between endogenous and exogenous actions in providing disaster relief of the investigation could be conceptualized in the following matrix (see Table 1). The endogenous and exogenous actions and sources are presented in terms of social resilience, life sustaining, and indigenous tourism preparedness. The arrow direction indicates the contents in the column were excited from another.


**Table 1.** The endogenous-exogenous and tribal resilience in the Wulai tribes.
