3.2.6. Aggregated Climate Change Adaptation and Management Practices

Table 8 shows that when all the above measures were combined to form five mutually exclusive adaptation strategies, i.e., crop management (82.3%), livestock management (64.5%), land and/or soil management (85.5), water management (76.5%), and off-farm adaptation initiatives (95.2%), less than 1% of all the households was not involved in any of the practices between 2006 and 2017. This indicates a very high level of at least 99% adoption of one or more adaptation and management strategy to the adverse effects of climate and fluctuating provisioning ES in Bobirwa sub-district.


**Table 8.** Aggregated climate change adaptation strategies by households in Bobirwa sub-district.

Significance levels: \* *p* < 0.05, \*\* *p* < 0.01, \*\*\* *p* < 0.001. Source: Household Survey Data, 2017.

It is important to note that the adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms in Table 8 were not implemented as mutually exclusive strategies. The different combinations of response strategies by households in Bobirwa sub-district are summarized in Figure 7. Approximately 49% of the households

in Bobirwa sub-district implemented all the five adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms presented in Table 8. About 26% of the households implemented four strategies during the same period while 12.3% implemented three strategies. Those households which implemented either two or three strategies contributed a proportion of 5.8% apiece while less than 1% reported not implementing any adaptation initiative between 2006 and 2017.

**Figure 7.** Adoption levels of different adaptation strategies (n = 310).

Those who adopted water management practices were combined with those who adopted land and soil management practices to form a single category. Therefore, a total of seven categories (including combinations of strategies) were used for the multinomial logit analyses, i.e., the final adaptation options after considering all the actual combinations were 0 = Off-farm adaptations (reference category); 1 = Crop management practices only; 2 = Livestock management practices only; 3 = Land, soil and water management practices only; 4 = Crop + Livestock management practices combined; 5 = Crop + Land, soil and water management practices combined; and 6 = Crop + Livestock + Land, soil and water management practices combined.
