**2. TEK as the Foundation for CBNRM**

In Taiwan, most local marine resources are governed by the government—the Fishery Agency—except for some local fishery conservation areas. To date, there is only one local-management fishery-conservation area in indigenous regions (the Fushan Fishery Conservation Area, Taitung County, Taiwan). However, the settler Han Taiwanese community manages the conservation area instead of the indigenous people, so the conservation organization has many conflicts with the local indigenous people, especially during the annual ocean ritual the local Amis people practice. In short, the Fishery Agency still practices a top-down strategy for governing marine areas. Below, I will discuss the governmentality of natural resources from the government and the context of understanding the local TEK in the face of conflicts between the government and the local communities. Furthermore, I describe how TEK can be the foundation of CBNRM, and the main associated challenges are highlighted.
