*2.5. Winding Design*

Winding design is achieved, as in [31,33]. The number of turns per phase is calculated based on SRM dimensions, such that the flux density value at the knee point of iron's B-H curve is maintained. In this paper, the value of maximum flux density for the used lamination steel is 1.65 T.

The conductor cross-sectional area is calculated from a specified maximum ampere and current density. Subsequently, the number of horizontal layers, vertical layers, and coil dimensions can be calculated. Finally, clearance between adjacent coils is calculated at the point where the two coils are the closest to each other [31].

## *2.6. Average Torque Calculation*

The SRM average torque is calculated based on assuming that flux linkage (*λ*) vs. current (*i*) characteristics are available and the phase current is kept constant at its peak value between unaligned and aligned positions [32]. The average torque is calculated from the total work done of all strokes for one revolution, as follows:

$$T\_{av} = \frac{\mathcal{W}P\_s P\_r}{4\pi}, \text{ N.m} \tag{3}$$

$$\mathcal{W} = \mathcal{W}\_{align} - \mathcal{W}\_{unaling\,\,end} \tag{4}$$

where *Waligned* and *Wunaligned* are the areas under *λ* − *i* curves at the aligned position and unaligned position, respectively. W is the area of energy loop between two *λ* − *i* curves and calculated as in [32].
