*Appendix A.2. R<sup>2</sup>*

R <sup>2</sup> was used as an additional metric to evaluate the model performance. It reveals the linear relationship between the observations and model outputs [68].

$$R^2 = 1 - \frac{\left(\sum\_{1}^{K} (Q\_O - \overline{Q\_O}) (Q\_S - \overline{Q\_S})\right)^2}{\sum\_{1}^{K} (Q\_O - \overline{Q\_O})^2 \sum\_{1}^{K} (Q\_S - \overline{Q\_S})^2} \tag{A2}$$

#### *Appendix A.3. PBIAS*

Percentage of bias (PBIAS) measures the differences between observations and model outputs. A positive value indicates an underestimation, and a negative value indicates an overestimation [54].

$$PBIAS = \frac{1}{K} \left( \sum\_{1}^{K} \frac{(Q\_O - Q\_S)}{Q\_O} \times 100 \right) \tag{A3}$$

#### **References**


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